Effect of Crude Oil on CO–Foam Stability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhair AlYousef ◽  
Ayrat Gizzatov ◽  
Hana AlMatouq ◽  
Guoqing Jian
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Foam Stability

Enhanced Foam Stability Using Nanoparticle in High Salinity High Temperature Condition for Eor Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norzafirah Razali ◽  
Ivy Ching Hsia Chai ◽  
Arif Azhan A Manap ◽  
M Iqbal Mahamad Amir
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Sio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Material ◽  
Reservoir Temperature ◽  
Foam Stabilizer ◽  
Catalytic Behaviour ◽  
Macro Molecule

Abstract The capability of commercial nanoparticles to perform as foam stabilizer were investigated at reservoir temperature of 96°C. Al2O3, Fe3O4, Co3O4, CuO, MgO, NiO, ZrO2, ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles that were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, TEM and PSA, were blended in the in-house formulated surfactant named IVF respectively at a particular ratio. The test was performed with and without the presence of reservoir crude oil. Results showed that formulation with nanoparticles enhanced foam stability by having longer foam half-life than the IVF surfactant alone, especially in the absence of oil. Only SiO2 nanoparticles were observed to have improved the foam stability in both test conditions. The unique properties of SiO2 as a semi-metal oxide material may have contributed to the insensitivity of SiO2 nanoparticle towards crude oil which is known as a foam destabilizer. The physical barrier that was formed by SiO2 nanoparticles at the foam lamella were probably unaffected by the presence of crude oil, thus allowing the foams to maintain its stability. In thermal stability tests, we observed the instability of all nanoparticles in the IVF formulation at 96°C. Nanoparticles were observed to have separated and settled within 24 hours. Therefore, surface modification of nanoparticle was done to establish steric stabilization by grafting macro-molecule of polymer onto the surface of SiO2. This in-house developed polymer grafted silica nanoparticles are named ZPG nanoparticles. The ZPG nanoparticles passed the thermal stability test at 96°C for a duration of 3 months. In the foam wetness analysis, ZPG nanoparticles were observed to have produced more wet foams than IVF formulation alone, indicating that ZPG is suitable to be used as foam stabilizer for EOR process as it showed catalytic behaviour and thermally well-stable at reservoir temperature.

Identification of Crude Oil Components Responsible for Foaming

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.C. Callaghan ◽  
A.L. McKechnie ◽  
J.E. Ray ◽  
J.C. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Back Extraction ◽  
Stock Tank ◽  
Alkali Extract ◽  
Oil Components ◽  
Pneumatic Method

Abstract The foaming characteristics of a number of crude oils from a variety of sources were determined by Bikerman's pneumatic method. Extraction of these crudes with both pneumatic method. Extraction of these crudes with both alkali and acid indicated that the crude oil components responsible for the foam stability were removed by the alkali extraction. Further examination of the alkali extract revealed that after neutralization it was the chloroform soluble part of this extract (0.02% wt% of the whole crude) that was responsible for the foaming properties of the crudes investigated. This latter point was confirmed by demonstrating that the surface rheological properties of one of the extracted crudes could be restored by adding back the chloroform-soluble portion of the neutralized alkali extract. Analysis of this extract indicated that the foam-stabilizing materials were short-chain carboxylic acids and phenols of molecular weight -400. In principle, such analytical information could be used to identify principle, such analytical information could be used to identify crude oils likely to present severe foaming problems in the field. Such information could enable the process engineer to take appropriate corrective measures early in the life of a new field, thus avoiding the need for high capital expenditure at a later stage. Introduction Crude oil foams can pose major problems for operators of gas/oil separation plants, causing a loss of crude in the separated gas stream and consequent loss of revenue and possible damage to downstream compressors. Thus, an possible damage to downstream compressors. Thus, an understanding of the factors controlling crude oil foam stability is highly desirable, since it should lead to better methods of foam prediction and control. With this end in mind, we have attempted to identify those crude oil components responsible for foam stabilization. This paper outlines our findings to date and attempts to demonstrate that a similar suite of compounds is responsible for the stabilization of a wide range of crude oil foams. Experimental Materials Crude Oils. Chemical-free samples of 16 different stock-tank crude oils were obtained from a variety of sources (see Table 1). Particular care was taken to ensure that these samples were stored under nitrogen to prevent oxidation of the crudes. prevent oxidation of the crudes. Reagents used were cyclohexane, spectroscopic grade (from BDH); chloroform, general purpose reagent grade (from BDH); diethyl ether, general purpose reagent grade (from BDH); sodium hydroxide pellets, technical grade (from BDH); and SIL-PREP reagent: Applied Science Laboratories Ltd. All solvents were distilled before use, and only an 80% heart cut was taken. Techniques Foaminess Index Measurements. The foaming column used in this work consisted of a graduated glass tube approximately 30 cm [12 in.] in length with two fine sintered glass disks placed 1 cm [0.4 in.] apart, situated at the base of the tube just above the gas inlet. The gas used to create the foam is admitted to the column by way of a pressure reduction and flow meter assembly (see Ref. 1). The measurements were initiated by pipetting an aliquot of crude oil, just sufficient to cover the upper sintered disk, into the foaming column. The oil was allowed to spread over the sintered disk. Compressed air (or natural gas), flowing at a constant rate (40 cm3/sec [40 mL/min]), then was admitted to the column by way of the sintered disk and the crude oil was taken up into the froth. The bubbling was continued for 5 minutes after all the liquid had been taken up into the foam. When a homogeneous foam had been achieved, the height of the upper foam/gas interface was recorded. Three runs were performed on each crude oil studied. The foaminess index performed on each crude oil studied. The foaminess index (E) of each of the stripped and complete stock-tank crude oils then was determined by Bikerman's method. (1) where V, is the constant foam volume at time t and V is the volume of gas injected during time t. Extraction of Crude Oil Surfactants. Treatment with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was found to be the best means of extracting the acidic components in the crude oils. The oils were dissolved in cyclohexane to give 10% vol/vol solutions, thereby reducing viscosity and thus facilitating rapid phase separation. Despite this precaution some oil still was removed with the aqueous precaution some oil still was removed with the aqueous phase, which necessitated thorough back extraction with phase, which necessitated thorough back extraction with fresh solvent to ensure the selectivity of the separation. The sodium salts in the aqueous extract then were converted back to the free acids by treatment with excess mineral acid. The concentrate obtained was derived for analysis by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SPEJ P. 171

Evaluation of foam performance at different temperature for enhanced oil recovery process

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Suhana Abd Rahim ◽  
Ismail Mohd Saaid ◽  
Abubakar Abubakar Umar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Foam Film ◽  
The Stability

Purpose Application of foam in enhanced oil recovery requires a production of foam that is strong and stable enough to withstand a long period. There are numerous factors that may affect the performance of foam, among which is temperature. Therefore, this study aims to observe the foam performance at different temperature by evaluating the foamability and the stability of the foam. Design/methodology/approach In this study, bulk foam test using FoamScan was conducted to examine the effect of temperature on foam in the presence of crude oil. Nitrogen gas was sparged through the mixture of crude oil, an in-house developed surfactant, and sodium chloride solution as the brine at different temperatures to produce foam at a certain height. The crude oil was extracted from an oilfield in East Malaysia and the in-house developed surfactant was a mixture of amphoteric and anionic surfactants. A camera continuously recorded the height of foam during the generation and the collapse of the foam. The foamability and foam stability properties of each sample were taken as the indicators for foam performance. Furthermore, the entering, spreading and bridging analysis was run to observe the effect of the presence of crude oil on foam performance. Findings In general, the higher the temperature, the less stable the foam is. As the stability of foam is associated with the rate of liquid drainage, it was observed that as temperature increases, the rate of liquid drainage also increases. On the other hand, the entering, spreading and bridging analysis shows that there is entering of oil droplet happening on the interface of foam film that may promote the rupture of the foam film even more. Originality/value It was found that the temperature has a small impact on foamability, whereas the foam stability was significantly affected by the temperature. Therefore, it can be concluded that foamability is not necessarily interrelated to foam stability, contradicting to the findings of few authors.

scholarly journals A Review of Nigerian Potential Hop Substitutes in Beer Brewing: 1983-2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Vincent Nwalieji Okafor ◽  
Ifeyinwa Blessing Tabugbo ◽  
Regina Igwe Anyalebechi ◽  
Ugochukwu Wilson Okafor ◽  
Joy Ngozika Obiefuna
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Material Sources

The Nigerian economy depended mainly on crude oil during the era of oil boom of 1973 which lasted up till1983. Agriculture was grossly neglected by successive governments. Following the economic recession that occurred years after and due to fall in crude oil price, the Nigerian government began to advocate for economic diversification. Consequently, agriculture became the area of interest and priority for industrial raw material sources. Unfortunately, Nigeria had imbibed the tradition of importing raw materials for all her industrial productions thereby creating unfavourable balance of trade between Nigeria and her foreign trading partners thus resulting in increase in the prices of finished products. Beer production is not exempted from the price increase since its raw materials are equally imported with their attendant problems on Nigeria’s foreign exchange. One of such raw materials is hops. The hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial dioecious climbing plant of hemp (cannabis) family and belonging to the order (urticales) which are grown in the temperate regions of the world, solely to meet the demand of the brewing industry. Hop extracts give beer its bitter taste, improve foam stability and act as antiseptics towards microorganisms. The quest to substitute hops with some tropical bitter vegetables in Nigeria’s brewing industry dates back to 1983 and since that time, many have compared hop extracts with those of Nigerian bitter plants such as Garcinia kola, Azadirachta indica, Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium. This review takes a critical look on the efforts made so far since 1983 in investigating the potentiality of using Nigerian bitter plant extracts as suitable substitute for those of hop in the Nigerian brewing industry with special emphasis on Gas Chromatography Mass–Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC–FID) techniques. It was concluded that none of the Nigerian plants has perfect potential as suitable substitute for hops in the Nigerian brewing industry. Consequently, further research efforts in the area of mixtures/blends of extract of plant species which mimic hop taste is strongly recommended. 

scholarly journals Performance of surfactant blend formulations for controlling gas mobility and foam propagation under reservoir conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3961-3969
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khan Memon ◽  
Khaled Abdalla Elraies ◽  
Mohammed Idrees Ali Al-Mossawy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Surfactant Solutions ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Gas Mobility ◽  
Mobility Reduction

Abstract The use of surfactant is one of the possible solutions to minimize the mobility of gases and improve the sweep efficiency, but the main problem with this process is its stability in the presence of injection water and crude oil under reservoir conditions. In this study, the three types of surfactant anionic, nonionic and amphoteric are examined in the presence of brine salinity at 96 °C and 1400 psia. To access the potential blended surfactant solutions as gas mobility control, laboratory test including aqueous stability, interfacial tension (IFT) and mobility reduction factor (MRF) were performed. The purpose of MRF is to evaluate the blocking effect of selected optimum surfactant solutions. Based on experimental results, no precipitation was observed by testing the surfactant solutions at reservoir temperature of 96 °C. The tested surfactant solutions reduced the IFT between crude oil and brine. The effectiveness and strength of surfactant solutions without crude oil under reservoir conditions were evaluated. A high value of differential pressure demonstrates that the strong foam was generated inside a core that resulted in delay in breakthrough time and reduction in the gas mobility. High mobility reduction factor result was measured by the solution of blended surfactant 0.6%AOS + 0.6%CA406H. Mobility reduction factor of other tested surfactant solutions was found low due to less generated foam by using CO2 under reservoir conditions. The result of these tested surfactant solutions can provide the better understanding of the mechanisms behind generated foam stability and guideline for their implementation as gas mobility control during the process of surfactant alternating gas injection.

scholarly journals Investigation into the Effects of Crude Oil on Foam Stability by using Different Low Salinity Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolmohsen Shabib-Asl ◽  
Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub ◽  
Khaled Abdalla Elraies ◽  
Seyednooroldin Hosseini ◽  
Hamed Hematpour
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document