Morphology of testes, spermatogenesis, sperm bundles, and spermatozoa ofKerria chinensis(Hemiptera: Kerriidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-609
Author(s):  
Lucksanaveejit Seubparu ◽  
Mingkwan Nipitwathanaphon ◽  
Wijit Wisoram ◽  
David Merritt ◽  
Lertluk Ngernsiri
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Posterior Half

AbstractThe filamentous spermatozoa of scale insects (Hemiptera) are highly modified compared with those of typical insects. Here, we investigate the morphology of the testes, sperm bundles, spermatozoa, and spermatogenesis of the winglessKerria chinensis(Mahdihassan) (Hemiptera: Kerriidae), a shellac-producing scale insect. Each testis contains two antiparallel groups of several hundred syncytial sperm bundles. In each spermatocyte cyst, 16 primary spermatocytes divide via inverted meiosis, resulting in 16 quadrinucleated spermatids, each having two euchromatic and two heterochromatic nuclei. During spermiogenesis, each spermatid produces two spermatozoa protruding out of the spermatid close to the two euchromatic nuclei and their tails then grow in opposite directions. In each cyst, the 32 spermatozoa form two sperm bundles lying in an antiparallel direction oriented to different ends of the testis. Each spermatozoon has three distinct regions, an apex, a filamentous region and a tail. The spermatozoa have long thread-like nuclear cores that occupy about one-fourth of the sperm body length, located primarily in the posterior half. At the anterior end of the spermatozoon is a translucent, swollen vesicle and a distal, densely-stained structure; a putative acrosome of a type not previously reported in the spermatozoa of scale insects.

Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Plant Sap

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  

Neolecanium cornuparvum (Magnolia scale).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Eastern Usa

Abstract Magnolia scale, Neolecanium cornuparvum, is a scale insect that is native to the eastern USA, where it is a widely distributed pest of wild and ornamental Magnolia in landscapes and nurseries. In general, non-native species of Magnolia tend to be more susceptible to attack than native US species. N. cornuparvum has also been reported on Wisteria in Connecticut. The genus and species were first reported from Canada from a specimen of N. cornuparvum collected in 1998 in southern Ontario, where the insect is now an established pest of Magnolia, having probably been spread via the plant trade. An infestation of scale insects believed to be N. cornuparvum was first observed in Hawaii on Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai in August 2004; it had significant adverse effects on this endangered species.

scholarly journals Non-indigenous scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China: A survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Trencheva ◽  
G. Trenchev ◽  
R. Tomov ◽  
S.-A. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Family

A preliminary list of non-indigenous scale insect species on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China is presented. The sampling was done between April and November, 2009, in the framework of the project “Invasive scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China”. The insects were collected in nurseries, parks, gardens, botanical collections and greenhouses. Representatives from four families have been identified in Bulgaria, the most numerous of which are the Diaspididae (eight species), Coccidae (four species), Pseudococcidae (two species) and Margarodidae (one species). Three species of non-indigenous scale insects associated with ornamental plants were collected in China, all belonging to the family Pseudococcidae. A list of alien scale insect species on ornamental plants is given, including the sampling sites, host plants on which they were found, origin and first report in both countries.

Scale insect genus names and their families in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha), a supplement

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4755 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS J. WILLIAMS ◽  
BARBARA D. DENNO
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Comprehensive List

A list of genus names in the scale insects published between 2014 and the end of 2019 is provided; it follows on from an earlier comprehensive list of the names published between 1758 and the end of 2013. Each genus name and its type species are assigned to one of the 53 scale insect families now recognised. 

Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1668 (1) ◽  
pp. 427-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Nomen Nudum ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insect Collection

Carl Linnaeus named 22 species of scale insects in the genus Coccus, another in the genus Aphis, and one other probably unintentionally.  All are redescribed and discussed.  It is established that Coccus betulae L. is a nomen nudum and that the name was validly described later by Fabricius.  A brief history of Linnaeus’ collection is summarised and his scale insect collection described. Linnaeus’ descriptions of scale insects are here translated into English and all the references to scale insect literature cited by Linnaeus are listed in bibliographical form and annotated.  Lectotypes are designated for the species names Coccus aonidum Linnaeus, Aphis urticae Linnaeus and Coccus uvaeursi Linnaeus.  One species, Coccus phalaridis, is here considered incertae sedis.  Coccus pilosellae is recognised as a syn.nov. of Porphyrophora polonica (L.).  Coccus rusci is recognised as Ceroplastes rusci (L.), not Columnea rusci.

Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)*

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1668 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. GULLAN ◽  
L. G. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies

The superfamily Coccoidea contains nearly 8000 species of plant-feeding hemipterans comprising up to 32 families divided traditionally into two informal groups, the archaeococcoids and the neococcoids. The neococcoids form a monophyletic group supported by both morphological and genetic data. In contrast, the monophyly of the archaeococcoids is uncertain and the higher level ranks within it have been controversial, particularly since the late Professor Jan Koteja introduced his multi-family classification for scale insects in 1974. Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular and morphological data support the recognition of up to 15 extant families of archaeococcoids, including 11 families for the former Margarodidae sensu lato, vindicating Koteja’s views. Archaeococcoids are represented better in the fossil record than neococcoids, and have an adequate record through the Tertiary and Cretaceous but almost no putative coccoid fossils are known from earlier. In contrast, the sister group of the scale insects (Aphidoidea) has a more informative Jurassic and Triassic record. Relationships among most scale insect families are unresolved in phylogenetic trees based on nuclear DNA sequences, and most nodes in trees based on morphological data, including those from adult males, are poorly supported. Within the neococcoids, the Eriococcidae is not monophyletic and the monophyly of the Coccidae and Diaspididae may be compromised by the current family-level recognition of a few species-poor autapomorphic groups.

A newly recognised species that has been confused with the global polyphagous pest scale insect, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4320 (3) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
YEN-PO LIN ◽  
HIROTAKA TANAKA ◽  
LYN G. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex ◽  
Coccus Hesperidum

Coccus hesperidum L. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), the type species of the soft scale genus Coccus L., the family Coccidae and the whole of the scale insects (Coccoidea), is a cosmopolitan plant pest. Using DNA sequence data and morphological comparisons, we determine that there is a distinct species that is morphologically very similar to C. hesperidum. Here, we describe the species as Coccus praetermissus Lin & Tanaka sp. n., based on adult female specimens from Australia, Malaysia and Thailand. The adult female of C. praetermissus sp. n. differs from C. hesperidum in having dorsal setae with bluntly rounded tips, whereas they are sharply pointed in C. hesperidum. A detailed description of the newly recognised species is provided, incorporating adult female morphology and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Our examination of slides from The Natural History Museum, London, and several Australian institutions indicates that C. praetermissus sp. n. has been confused sometimes with C. hesperidum s. s. These findings have potential relevance to plant biosecurity and quarantine because C. hesperidum is cosmopolitan whereas C. praetermissus sp. n., which is also polyphagous and the two species can share many host plants, currently appears to be more geographically restricted. Additionally, there is deep genetic divergence within C. praetermissus sp. n. that might indicate that it is a cryptic species complex, but wider geographic sampling is required to test this possibility. 

Amendments to some scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha)

Zootaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4193 (3) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
D.J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code

The following scale insect specific names need gender changes to agree with their genus group names in the current printed catalogues and in ScaleNet, a database of the scale insects (García Morales et al. 2016). This action is taken to agree with Article 31.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). 

Basal injury syndrome of Pinus needles

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Rice ◽  
C. E. Carlson ◽  
J. J. Bromenshenk ◽  
C. C. Gordon ◽  
P. C. Tourangeau
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Longitudinal Split

Two types of macroscopic lesions, basal blister and basal necrosis, disrupting the surface tissues of Pinus needles under the fascicular sheath, are described in detail for the first time. In basal blister, hypertrophy and hyperplasia o mesophyll parenchyma cause an oval to elliptical bulge on the needle surface with a longitudinal split of the epidermal and hypodermal layers. In basal necrosis, the epidermal and hypodermal cells become necrotic, while the underlying mesophyll cells undergo structural disorganization. The causal agents are not known but in this study scale insects and deposition of airborne pollutants were associated with basal injury syndrome. The occurrence of basal injury symptoms increased with the age of the needles and the ambient concentration of acid rain precursors. The sulfur and fluoride concentration of the fascicular sheath also increased with the age of the foliage and the ambient pollutant concentrations. Basal injury on sites remote from strong sources of air pollution was significantly correlated with fascicular sheath sulfur concentrations within age-classes of older foliage. These remote site correlations occurred at basal injury rates and fascicular sheath sulfur concentrations lower than those typical of acutely impacted sites near strong sources of air pollution, and thus may represent a chronic impact resulting from acid deposition over wide geographic regions. A soft-bodied scale insect, Matsucoccus secretus Morrison, was often found under the fascicular sheath of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, but did not appear to be a primary cause of basal injury.

scholarly journals Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Deng ◽  
Kunming Li ◽  
Cui Chen ◽  
Sanan Wu ◽  
Xiaolei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Species Description ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Asymptotic Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prolific Authors ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Number Of Authors

Few investigations have been made of the species description trend of scale insects. The present study reports the discovery pattern and taxonomic efforts for this group based on global species and a literature dataset. In addition, three asymptotic models (Logistic, Gompertz, and Extreme Value) based on a discovery curve were used to predict the species number of scale insects. Our results showed that the species description rate has been changing over time, with certain peaks and valleys in the past 250 years. The mean number of species described per year was 30, with the highest number of 195 described species in 1985. The increasing number of authors and the almost constant proportion of species described by 10% most prolific authors since the 1900s suggested that taxonomic effort has been increasing over time. The Gompertz model with lowest AIC value suggested that there are about 10,450 species of scale insects on Earth, nearly 30% of which remain to be described. Our study offers insights into the discovery pattern of scale insect diversity.

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