Management of Delia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) through selectively timed planting of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) in Atlantic Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Silver ◽  
Kirk Hillier ◽  
Suzanne Blatt
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDelia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), including Delia platura (Meigen), are known pests of vegetable crops. Here, three studies were conducted to examine the relationship between Delia species and Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus (Fabaceae). Field studies documented a relationship between planting date and occurrence of Delia damage on P. vulgaris. Plantings in mid-June resulted in higher crop yields (mean bean pods per plant) and reduced damage ratings compared with earlier plantings. Late-May and early-June planting dates were not favourable, as they resulted in high damage ratings and low plant survival. Late-June and July plantings resulted in low damage ratings but low crops yields. Growth chamber experiments examined oviposition preference of D. platura females at eight phenological stages for two varieties of P. vulgaris. Results indicated significantly higher oviposition rates on bean plants at early phenological growth stages, with no significant varietal preference shown by maggots. Laboratory experiments quantified the impact of D. platura larval infestation on two P. vulgaris varieties at two growth stages. Results indicated no significant difference in variety choice. Recommendation for planting P. vulgaris to coincide with Delia phenology using a degree-day model is discussed.

Soybean Sensitivity to Florpyrauxifen-benzyl during Reproductive Growth and the Impact on Subsequent Progeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo address recent concerns related to auxin herbicide drift onto soybean, a study was developed to understand the susceptibility of the reproductive stage of soybean to a new auxin herbicide compared with dicamba. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is under development as the second herbicide in a new structural class of synthetic auxins, the arylpicolinates. Field studies were conducted to (1) evaluate and compare reproductive soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba across various concentrations and reproductive growth stages and (2) determine whether low-rate applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba to soybean in reproductive stages would have similar effect on the progeny of the affected plants. Soybean were treated with 0, 1/20, or 1/160, of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai ha−1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha−1) at R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 growth stage. Soybean plant height and yield was reduced from 1/20X dicamba across all reproductive stages. High drift rates (1/20X) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl also reduced soybean plant height >25% and yield across R1 to R4 stages. Germination, stand, plant height, and yield of the offspring of soybean plants treated with dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were significantly affected. Dicamba applied at a rate of 1/20X at R4 and R5 resulted in 20% and 35% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. A similar reduction occurred from florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at R4 and R5 at the 1/20X rate, resulting in 15% to 24% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. Based on these findings, it is suggested that growers use caution when applying these herbicides in the vicinity of reproductive soybean.

Field studies on leaching behaviour of a highly saline-sodic soil under two modes of water application in the presence of crops

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Dahiya ◽  
R. S. Malik ◽  
Maharaj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Behaviour ◽  
Leaching Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

SummaryThe leaching behaviour of a highly saline-sodic, moderately permeable, sandy-loam soil was evaluated under continuous and intermittent submergence conditions in a longterm field study in the presence of rice and subsequent wheat and sesbania crops. Leaching curves with respect to both desalinization and desodification showed that leaching efficiency was considerably higher with intermittent than with continuous submergence. The curves were useful in determining the amount of leaching water needed for a given mode of water application to reduce harmful levels of salinity and sodicity to acceptable ones. Empirical equations were determined to fit the experimental data. Their comparison with another empirical equation from published bare-field data of this site showed that leaching efficiency under crops was higher than under fallow. From the desodification leaching curve, it is concluded that in reclamation of these soils there is no need of the application of any amendment like gypsum. The soil salinity and sodicity data recorded at different growth stages and crop yields showed that leaching during the rice growing season, under intermittent submergence without previous leaching, decreased salinity and sodicity throughout the top 100 cm of the soil to levels safe for the successful cultivation of rice and subsequently the relatively deep-rooted crops of wheat and sesbania.

Dynamic analysis of the impact of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on biomass and N uptake in two contrasting genotypes of rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wu ◽  
Herbert J. Kronzucker ◽  
Weiming Shi
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

Elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) in the atmosphere often increase photosynthetic rates and crop yields. However, the degree of the CO2 enhancement varies substantially among cultivars and with growth stage. Here, we examined the responses of two rice cultivars, Wuyunjing23 (WYJ) and IIyou084 (IIY), to two [CO2] (~400 vs ~600) and two nitrogen (N) provision conditions at five growth stages. In general, both seed yield and aboveground biomass were more responsive to elevated [CO2] in IIY than WYJ. However, the responses significantly changed at different N levels and growth stages. At the low N input, yield response to elevated [CO2] was negligible in both cultivars while, at the normal input, yield in IIY was 18.8% higher under elevated [CO2] than ambient [CO2]. Also, responses to elevated [CO2] significantly differed among various growth stages. Elevated [CO2] tended to increase aboveground plant biomass in both cultivars at the panicle initiation (PI) and the heading stages, but this effect was significant only in IIY by the mid-ripening and the grain maturity stages. In contrast, CO2 enhancement of root biomass only occurred in IIY. Elevated [CO2] increased both total N uptake and seed N in IIY but only increased seed N in WYJ, indicating that it enhanced N translocation to seeds in both cultivars but promoted plant N acquisition only in IIY. Root C accumulation and N uptake also exhibited stronger responses in IIY than in WYJ, particularly at the heading stage, which may play a pivotal role in seed filling and seed yield. Our results showed that the more effective use of CO2 in IIY compared with WYJ results in a strong response in root growth, nitrogen uptake, and in yield. These findings suggest that selection of [CO2]-responsive rice cultivars may help optimise the rice yield under future [CO2] scenarios.

scholarly journals Management of Flooding Effects on Growth of Vegetable and Selected Field Crops

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka Rao ◽  
Yuncong Li
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Flooding Hazards

The review of effects of excessive soil water on performance of various vegetable crops and selected field crops indicates that in areas where temporary flooding hazards are expected during the growing season, crops can be selected on their relative ability to tolerate excessive moisture. Field crops are generally less sensitive than vegetable crops in terms of yield. In addition to the choice of crop species, planting dates could be shifted when possible by delaying dates of sowing or planting to avoid probable periods of flooding during the sensitive growth stages. In most instances, crops are more sensitive at their early developmental phase than at the later stages in terms of yield. Soil management practices like ridging and furrowing or making raised beds before planting is recommended. In addition, amelioration with foliar application of chemicals like nutrients, growth hormones and fungicides is also recommended to overcome nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances and disease infections. Every effort of amelioration should be exerted at the earliest opportunity, since water damage to crops becomes more severe with longer flooding duration.

Analyzing Temperature and Precipitation Influences on Yield Distributions of Canola and Spring Wheat in Saskatchewan

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Meng ◽  
Richard Carew ◽  
Wojciech J. Florkowski ◽  
Anna M. Klepacka
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe IPCC indicates that global mean temperature increases of 2°C or more above preindustrial levels negatively affect such crops as wheat. Canadian climate model projections show warmer temperatures and variable rainfall will likely affect Saskatchewan’s canola and spring wheat production. Drier weather will have the greatest impact. The major climate change challenges will be summer water availability, greater drought frequencies, and crop adaptation. This study investigates the impact of precipitation and temperature changes on canola and spring wheat yield distributions using Environment Canada weather data and Statistics Canada crop yield and planted area for 20 crop districts over the 1987–2010 period. The moment-based methods (full- and partial-moment-based approaches) are employed to characterize and estimate asymmetric relationships between climate variables and the higher-order moments of crop yields. A stochastic production function and the focus on crop yield’s elasticity imply choosing the natural logarithm function as the mean function transformation prior to higher-moment function estimation. Results show that average crop yields are positively associated with the growing season degree-days and pregrowing season precipitation, while they are negatively affected by extremely high temperatures in the growing season. The climate measures have asymmetric effects on the higher moments of crop yield distribution along with stronger effects of changing temperatures than precipitation on yield distribution. Higher temperatures tend to decrease wheat yields, confirming earlier Saskatchewan studies. This study finds pregrowing season precipitation and precipitation in the early plant growth stages particularly relevant in providing opportunities to develop new crop varieties and agronomic practices to mitigate climate changes.

Interference among Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Fennimore ◽  
L. W. Mitich ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
The Impact

The interference between dry bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. var. Red Kidney), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum♯3SOLNI), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli♯ ECHCR) was examined in replacement series experiments. A modified replacement series experiment also was performed to examine the effects of no interference, and intraspecific and interspecific interference on the height, leaf area, and dry weight of bean, black nightshade, and barnyardgrass. In both types of competition experiments, bean germinated earlier than either weed species and caused significant reductions in weed height, leaf area, and dry weight. The impact of bean upon itself was always greater than the effect of either weed species. In laboratory studies, barnyardgrass and black nightshade seeds were subjected to eight concentrations of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Black nightshade was 100 times more tolerant to trifluralin than barnyardgrass. Field studies, conducted at several locations in the Central Valley of California in which trifluralin-treated plots were compared with nontreated plots, demonstrated that trifluralin favors trifluralin-tolerant weeds (black nightshade), but trifluralin-sensitive weeds (barnyardgrass) have not been eliminated despite 20 yr of trifluralin use.

scholarly journals Response of Cotton Varieties to the Stage of Topping under Rainfed Condition of Bardiya, Nepal

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
KB Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Rainfed Condition ◽  
Seed Cotton Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Growth Stages

A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of topping at different growth stages (3-4, 6-7, 9-10 and 12-13 sympodial branches) on productivity of two (Tamcot SP-37 and H-777) cotton varieties under rainfed condition at the Kumbher Farm (Bardiya district) of Cotton Development Board in 1995. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The interaction effect between variety and stages of topping showed that significantly higher yield (1.23 t/ha) was produced by topping plants at the stage of 12-13 sympodial banches of the variety Tamcot SP-37 as compared to all other treatments. At all stages of topping the yield produced by Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than H-777. The average seed cotton yield (1.03 t/ha) of Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than that of H- 777 (0.71 t/ha) and the difference in yield was 45.0%. The seed-cotton yield increased from 0.75 to 1.00 t/ ha with the postponed of topping from 3-4 to 12-13 sympodial branches, but significant difference was recorded between late (12-13 sympodial branches) and early (3-4 and 6-7 sympodial branches) stages of topping. Thus, for rainfed condition of Bardiya Tamcot SP-37 was a suitable variety with 12-13 sympodial branches as an appropriate stage of topping for sustainable production of cotton. Key words: Variety, topping, sympodial branches. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:165-168 (2006)

scholarly journals On the Use of UAVs with a Slantrange Sensor System for Estimation of Crop Safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Natalia Pasichnyk ◽  
Serhii Lienkov ◽  
Sergey Shvorov ◽  
Larysa Komarova ◽  
Dmytro Komarchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Computer Training ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Distribution Of Stress ◽  
The Impact

The article addresses applied aspects of using UAVs for monitoring winter wheat crops to assess the aftereffects of herbicides remaining on the culture of the predecessor. The issue has a local specificity related to inconsistencies of plant cultivation technologies and the inadequate study of the impact of modern plant protection products in domestic soil conditions. Restoring the crop yields is possible by timely identification of the causes of stress, but the time for decision-making is limited. This time can be reduced by state-of-the-art monitoring technologies applied at industrial scale. Laboratory studies using phyto cameras and spectral and spectral-spatial monitoring methods unambiguously testified to the stress caused by the aftereffect of herbicides, but did not allow to establish clear criteria. Therefore, we conducted field studies using UAV-mounted Slantrange complex and analyzing the DJI Matrice 200 to define the distribution of stress areas on the field. It was found that the reliability of monitoring data can increased computer data processing and computer training in the search for correlation links between the distribution of stress plants in the field and the implementation of technological operations, terrain topography, etc.

scholarly journals Drought stress impact on vegetable crop yields in the Elbe River lowland between 1961 and 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Potopová ◽  
P. Štěpánek ◽  
A. Farda ◽  
L. Türkott ◽  
P. Zahradníček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Yield Formation

The study is focused on drought stress that is detrimental to yield formation of field-grown vegetables in the lowland regions of the Czech Republic. Extensive vegetable yield losses are attributed to drought, often in combination with heat or other stresses. The objective of this research was to investigate, under field conditions, the effect of drought stress quantified by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on yield variability of key vegetable crops growing in the Elbe River lowland, representing central European agriculture conditions. Additionally, we also tried to determine the period of crop with the highest sensitivity to drought (PCSD) of vegetable crops over the Elbe River lowland. Historical climate datasets for a regular gridded network with a high horizontal resolution of 10 km (CZGRIDS) and 305 climatological stations from the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute were applied. The SPEI at 1-, 3-, and 6-month lags was calculated for the period 1961-2014 based on precipitation and input dataset for the reference evapotranspiration (ETr) by the Penman-Monteith (PM) method. Moreover, the difference between daily precipitation and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) has been used to calculate the mean crop water balance (D) per main growth stages, as an indicator of plant stress. This improvement increased the applicability of the SPEI in agriculture drought impact on rainfed and/or irrigated field crops grown under various agronomic management systems. To understand how the SPEI, over the period 1989-2014, controlled the yield variation, we calculated the percentage of yield losses and gains for each crop. When the value of SPEI at 3-month lag–as a measure of the balance between the water availability and the atmospheric water demand–for PCSD was between -1.49 and 0.99, the yield moderately increased for Fruiting vegetables (e.g. tomatoes, cucumber). Conversely, when the SPEI-3 in the key development stage dropped below -3.0, the yield losses were about -30% and a negative influence is apparent from threshold of the SPEI≤-1.5. The effect of the SPEI on yield formation of vegetable cultivars grown under filed conditions was achieved up to 62% in the study region.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Drought on Summer Maize Yield in the Western Guanzhong Plain, China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzheng Shen ◽  
Yizheng Chen ◽  
Yongqiang Wang ◽  
Xuguang Xing ◽  
Xiaoyi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Dssat Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stage Yield

Drought and uneven distribution of precipitation during stages of crop growth exert a severe reduction on crop yield. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the impact of drought on crop yields. In this study, data from a two-year (2016 and 2017) field experiment were used to calibrate and evaluate the parameters of the Decision Support System for the Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model. The evaluation model was then employed to analyze the impact of potential drought on the yield of summer maize (Zea mays L.) over different growth stages for 46 years (1970–2015). The simulated summer maize flowering and harvest date differed by three and one days of the observed in 2017. The d-index value and the normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) of the simulated and measured values were 0.90 and 3.72%, 0.95 and 10.21%, and 0.92 and 13.12%, for summer maize yield, soil water content, and leaf area index, respectively. This indicates that the parameters of the DSSAT model were extremely reliable and that the simulation results were better. The yield reduction of summer maize was concentrated within the range of 0–40% from 1970 to 2015, and the two-stage yield reduction was higher than the one-stage yield reduction. The highest probability of yield reduction occurs if drought occurs during jointing and heading stages. Irrigation is therefore recommended during jointing stage or heading stage. If local irrigation conditions permit, irrigation can be carried out both at the jointing and heading stages. This study provides a theoretical basis for drought resistance management and scientific irrigation of summer maize in the western Guanzhong plain.

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