Natural history ofSymmetrischema lavernella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): a moth with two feeding strategies and the ability to induce fruit formation in the absence of pollination

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
T’ai H. Roulston ◽  
Stephanie Cruz-Maysonet ◽  
Amy L. Moorhouse ◽  
Sangmi Lee ◽  
Amber N. Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Heliothis Subflexa ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Size Threshold ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Fruit Formation

AbstractThe mothSymmetrischema lavernella(Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has two feeding strategies on its host plantPhysalisLinnaeus (Solanaceae): a fruitworm that feeds on developing ovules in a fruit and a budworm that consumes a floral bud. The fruitworm strategy occurs when a neonate caterpillar enters the ovary of a flower bud above a size threshold (~4 mm inPhysalis heterophyllaNees), consumes the developing ovules, and pupates in the fruit. InP.heterophylla, occupancy of the ovary byS. lavernellacauses fruit development to occur in the absence of pollination, indicating that the caterpillar initiates developmental pathways associated with pollination. The budworm strategy occurs in buds below ~4 mm, involves consumption of the ovary and immature anthers, and results in pupation inside the uninflated calyx. The two strategies co-occur on plants, determined by the sizes of the available buds at the time of oviposition. The most prominent natural enemy ofS. lavernellausing the fruitworm strategy was the frugivorous caterpillarHeliothis subflexa(Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also a specialist ofPhysalis. The largerHeliothis subflexafeeds on the fruit externally, consumesS. lavernella, and caused 31.3% of fruitworm mortality in field surveys. Parasitoids included wasps (Hymenoptera) of the families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcididae.

scholarly journals Analysis of the reproduction mode in Psidium spp. using the pollen:ovule ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e44062
Author(s):  
Maria Lorraine Fonseca Oliveira ◽  
Telma Nair Santana Pereira ◽  
Rodrigo Miranda Barbosa ◽  
Alexandre Pio Viana
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Reproduction Mode ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Reproduction Strategy ◽  
Pollen:Ovule Ratio ◽  
Floral Bud

This research aimed to explore the reproductive characteristics of three species of Psidium (P. guajava L., P. cattleyanum Sabine, and P. guineense Sw.) and estimate a probable reproduction strategy based on the pollen:ovule (P:O) methodology. The number of pollen grains per floral bud (NGPB), number of pollen grains per anther (NGPA), number of anthers per flower bud (NAB), number of ovules per flower bud (NOB), and the P:O ratio of each species were estimated. All species had a P:O ratio over 2,000 and were classified as xenogamous. P.guajava presented the highest values for all characteristics evaluated, with the NGPB at 3,777,519, the NOB at 584.50 and a P:O ratio of 6,462.82. Similarly, P. cattleyanum had a P:O ratio of 5,649.89 (NGPB 762,736 and NOB 135). However, P. guineense was considered facultative xenogamous, with P:O of 2,085.75, the NGPB at 741,484 and the NOB at 355.50. Thus, it was concluded that the studied species have a preference for allogamy and require many pollen grains to fertilize each ovule, demonstrating that the transfer of pollen to the stigma is not very specialized.

scholarly journals Meristem Development and its Relation to Endogenous GA3 and IAA Contents During Floral Bud Differentiation in Broccoli

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Xinmei Jiang ◽  
Xihong Yu ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Floral Bud

The effects of three temperature treatments on morphological changes in the apical meristem and contents of GA3 and IAA in leaves during floral bud differentiation in early maturing cultivar of broccoli were studied. Plants went through every stage of flower-bud differentiation at day/night temperatures of 17.3±1/9.3±1°C. At 21.3±1/13.3±1°C, floral bud development ceased after primary axillary scape primordium differentiation and apical meristem entered a reversion stage. The apical meristem remained in the vegetative growth phase in plants growing at 25.3±1/17.3±1°C. Leaf GA3 contents started to increase while IAA contents started to decrease when plants entered the flower bud initiation stage. GA3 content was high and IAA content was low during all stages of axillary scape primordium differentiation.Key words: Meristem development; Broccoli; Apical meristem; GA3; IAADOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v35i1.7966 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol.35, No.1, 1-6, 2011

Dormancy in peach (Prunus persica) flower buds. VI. Effects of gibberellins and an acylcyclohexanedione (trinexapac-ethyl) on bud morphogenesis in field experiments with orchard trees and on cuttings

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminda Reinoso ◽  
Virginia Luna ◽  
Carlos Dauría ◽  
Richard P Pharis ◽  
Rubén Bottini
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

The effects of several gibberellins (GAs), exo-16,17-dihydro GA5, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, and GA3, and trinexapac-ethyl (an acylcyclohexanedione inhibitor of late-stage GA biosynthesis), were assessed for their effects on flower bud development during and after winter dormancy in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) in three field trials and one experiment using cuttings. At late developmental stages, GA3 hastened floral bud development and shortened the time to anthesis, whereas early-stage applications of GA3 either had no effect or delayed floral bud development. In contrast, an exceptionally growth-active GA, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, promoted floral bud development (tested only on cuttings) across a range of application dates. However, it also induced a high percentage of bud abscission and remaining buds had a necrotic gynoecium and alterations in the androecium. Surprisingly, trinexapac-ethyl also promoted floral bud development, although it was not as effective as GA1. Trinexapac-ethyl-treated buds also showed morphological alterations and gynoecium necrosis. However, the best and most consistent treatment for enhancing floral bud development and hastening flower anthesis was 16,17-dihydro GA5. It stimulated floral bud development in up to 80% of the treated buds. Further, the promotive effect of 16,17-dihydro GA5 was maintained through to anthesis across three years of field experiments on intact trees, as well as with cuttings. Whether 16,17-dihydro GA5, a competitive inhibitor of the 3β-hydroxylation step in GA biosynthesis, acts per se, acts via a metabolite (such as 16,17-dihydro GA3), or acts by modifying endogenous GA metabolism is not yet known.Key words: gibberellins, trinexapac-ethyl, floral bud morphogenesis, peach.

scholarly journals Larval densities of the protected Striped lychnis moth Shargacucullia lychnis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Buckinghamshire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Morimoto ◽  
Lucy Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
History Information ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Natural history information is essential for ecologically-relevant inferences about (adaptive) responses in organismal biology. Yet, natural history data can be difficult to obtain, particularly for the developmental stages of holometabolous insects. This gap can compromise our ability to design controlled experiments that provide useful understanding of insect responses to changing environments and precludes our ability to understand how natural populations may respond to unpredictable climatic changes in their natural environment. In this study, we collated data from previous reports from the Butterfly Conservation Upper Thames Branch on the larval population density of Shargacucullia lychnis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Buckinghamshire. In the UK, S. lychnis is a protected species, for which natural history information can be invaluable for its effective conservation. We report here that the natural range of larval densities observed for S. lychnis across locations and years is 0.001 to 6.417 larvae per spike. More importantly, S. lychnis larval density has overall declined from 1996 to 2020, which could support previous reports of a contraction in population range for this species. Overall, this study provides invaluable information about larval population density for an important protected Lepidopteran species of the UK.

scholarly journals Natural and Artificial Chilling of Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 825B-825
Author(s):  
Donna A. Marshall* ◽  
Stephen J. Stringer ◽  
James M. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Highbush Blueberries ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Vegetative Bud

A study was initiated in November, 2002 to determine the effects of exposing two Southern Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corybosum L) to artificial chilling hours on initiation of bud break and advancement of floral and vegetative bud maturity. Plants of `Jubilee' and `Misty' were divided into 2 groups in which one was left outdoors, allowing chilling to occur and accumulate naturally, while the other group was placed in a growth chamber set at a constant artificial temperature of 4 °C. Five plants of each cultivar were then placed into a heated greenhouse after 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 hours of chilling (total hours of exposure to <5 °C) had accumulated for forcing of flower bud development. The progression of floral bud development of the terminal three buds on five tagged stems was observed at 7-10 day intervals for 30 days. At the end of the forcing period observations were also made on total percent vegetative and floral bud break. Prior to accumulating sufficient chilling requirements, chilling delivery method did not appear to influence the rate of floral bud development since none advanced past stage 3 regardless of chilling regime used. However after chilling requirements were met, flower buds of plants that were allowed to chill naturally developed more quickly than did those chilled by artificial means.

scholarly journals Gibberellic Acid Signaling Is Required to Induce Flowering of Chrysanthemum Grown under Both Short and Long Days

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Dong ◽  
Ye Deng ◽  
Haibin Wang ◽  
Ri Gao ◽  
Githeng’u K. Stephen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clock Genes ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Spontaneous Mutant ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Circadian Clock Genes ◽  
Photoperiod Pathway ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Floral Bud

Flower bud formation and flowering in chrysanthemum occur under short day conditions (SD), but the molecular basis for the switch to reproductive growth is less well understood than in model plants. Here, a spontaneous mutant able to flower under long days is described. In an attempt to reveal the pathway(s) involved in the formation of flower buds under contrasting daylengths, transcriptome sequencing was carried out in plants grown both under SD and under long day conditions (LD). A number of differentially transcribed genes involved in the various known flowering pathways were identified. Both circadian clock genes and CmFTL3 were up-regulated under SD, thereby inducing floral bud formation and flowering. The gibberellin (GA) signalling pathway-related genes GA20ox and GID1 were up-regulated in the mutant under LD, while the catabolic gene GA2ox and GAI was down-regulated, thereby inducing the transcription of CmFTL1, SOC1 and LFY. The GA content of the leaf was higher in the mutant than in the wild type under LD. When treated with GA, the mutant flowered earlier under both SD and LD, but there was no other detectable phenotype difference between the two lines. The indication was that the photoperiod pathway majorly regulates flower bud formation and flowering time in chrysanthemum under SD. GA signalling pathway only plays a subsidiary role for flowering. However, the GA signalling pathway predominated for flowering under LD.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Differentiation and Development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Hunan Province of Southern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Feng Zou ◽  
Jinghua Duan ◽  
Huan Xiong ◽  
Deyi Yuan ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Paraffin Section ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Floral Bud

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. is one of the most important fruit crops and has been cultivated in China for more than 4000 years. Z. jujuba fruit is rich in nutritional and medicinal values. Compared to other wood fruits, Z. jujuba is unique in its flowering and fruiting characteristics. Floral buds differentiation and formation of Z. jujuba is an essential process that affects yield. Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’ blooms profusely, yet its final yield is low. In this study, the floral bud differentiation and development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ were examined by paraffin section. Results showed that the floral buds of ‘Jinsi No.4’ differentiated in the current year and started from early April. The duration of a single flower differentiation was short, taking only 7 days for maturation of flowers buds. Floral bud differentiation of ‘Jinsi No.4’ can be divided into six stages, i.e., pre-differentiation, initial differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Flower development experienced seven stages, i.e., alabastrum, alabastrum break, sepal flattening, petal flattening, stamen flattening, filament withering, and ovule swelling. Dysplasia was observed in some floral organs in Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’, suggesting that the dysplasia of floral organs may be one of the main reasons for low yields. Our findings on flower bud development in ‘Jinsi No.4’ will contribute to its production and flowering management in Hunan area of southern China.

scholarly journals Egg Parasitoids Survey of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize and Sorghum in Central Mexico

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannet Jaraleño-Teniente ◽  
J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores ◽  
Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva ◽  
Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz ◽  
Susana E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Chelonus Insularis

Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.

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