Developing fruit inhibit the regrowth of cranberry shoots after apical meristem injury by larvae of Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tewari ◽  
J.P. Buonaccorsi ◽  
A.L. Averill
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Dasineura Oxycoccana

AbstractLarvae of gall making tipworm feed on and injure the apical meristems of cranberry shoots/uprights, disrupting vegetative growth. The majority of tipworm-injured flowering uprights do not resume vegetative growth via activation of lateral axillary buds (side-shoots) before the onset of dormancy. Furthermore, growth and flowering of uprights that fail to produce side-shoots after injury may be inhibited in the following year. In cranberry, limited availability of total nonstructural carbohydrates during fruit development has been reported. Thus, competition between developing fruit and lateral axillary buds for available resources may suppress vegetative regrowth in tipworm-injured flowering uprights. We carried out deblossoming experiments in the field and greenhouse to determine if presence of developing fruit inhibited the growth of side-shoots in tipworm-injured flowering uprights. We also compared tipworm-injured flowering and vegetative uprights to determine if growth form of an upright influenced regrowth after injury. Removal of flowers from tipworm-injured flowering uprights increased the production of side-shoots in three cultivars of cranberry (Ben Lear, Howes, and Stevens). In addition, more tipworm-injured vegetative uprights resumed growth by producing side-shoots, as compared with flowering uprights (Howes and Stevens). Our results suggest that unequal partitioning of resources between developing fruit and lateral axillary buds inhibits regrowth in tipworm-injured flowering uprights of cranberry.

Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Campagna ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

Changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol before premature leaf senescence of Populus nigra induced by a mixture of O3 and SO2

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Fialho ◽  
J. Bücker
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Premature Leaf Senescence ◽  
Early Indication

Specimens of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen exhibit premature leaf senescence when exposed for a few weeks to realistic air pollution. In this study, the changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol (MI) due to 30 ± 1 nL/L O3 + 12 ± 1 nL/L SO2 from the onset of exposure to the occurrence of premature abscission is presented. Petioles and laminae of the 12 oldest leaves were separately analysed on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 22, and 32 of continuous exposure, which was performed in open-top chambers (OTC). On days 8 to 12, clearly prior to yellowing (starting on day 22), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; starch + raffinose + sucrose + glucose + fructose + MI) in the fumigated laminae exceeded that in controls by about 30%. This increase was due to higher amounts of different soluble forms, while starch remained unaltered. From day 20 onwards, the level of TNC in the fumigated laminae progressively fell below that in controls. This decrease was due to a progressive decline in starch, which had started on day 16 and was dominating, although glucose and raffinose increased significantly. In the petioles, starch, sucrose, and glucose decreased because of fumigation with the occurrence of leaf yellowing, while raffinose increased. In contrast, MI in the petioles progressively accumulated directly on exposure until leaf yellowing occurred. The results are discussed in terms of the "general adaption syndrome" of H. Selye (1936. Nature (London), 138: 32). The marked MI response in petioles is concluded to be an early indication of phytorelevant O3 + SO2 pollution. Keywords: air pollution, carbohydrates, myo-inositol, pigments, Populus nigra L., senescence, stress.

A fate map of the Arabidopsis embryonic shoot apical meristem

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. F. Irish ◽  
I. M. Sussex
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Seed Embryo ◽  
Sector Analysis ◽  
Pale Green

We have mapped the fate of cells in the Arabidopsis embryonic shoot apical meristem by irradiating seed and scoring the resulting clonally derived sectors. 176 white, yellow, pale green or variegated sectors were identified and scored for their position and extent in the resulting plants. Most sectors were confined to a fraction of a leaf, and only occasionally extended into the inflorescence. Sectors that extended into the inflorescence were larger, and usually encompassed about a third to a half of the inflorescence circumference. We also find that axillary buds in Arabidopsis are clonally related to the subtending leaf. Sections through the dry seed embryo indicate that the embryonic shoot apical meristem contains approximately 110 cells in the three meristematic layers prior to the formation of the first two leaf primordia. The histological analysis of cell number in the shoot apical meristem, in combination with the sector analysis have been used to construct a map of the probable fate of cells in the embryonic shoot apical meristem.

scholarly journals Detection of smut mycelia in apical meristems of sugarcane buds

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Echávez-Badel
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Ustilago Scitaminea ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Nursery Field

Two tests were conducted to detect the fungal mycelia of Ustilago scitaminea Syd. in apical meristems of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) buds. In the first test six varieties were selected from infected sugarcane fields, and in the second test three varieties obtained from a nursery field were artificially inoculated with the fungus. Sugarcane plants artificially inoculated with U. scitaminea were used as checks in the first test. Growing points were removed from the plant cane and stained for 4 to 18 h by using Sinha's technique. Microscopic observations indicated the absence and presence of smut mycelia in the apical meristem buds of healthy and infected sugarcane varieties. The staining method of growing point nodal buds can be useful for indicating fungicide efficacy in controlling sugarcane smut, and for sugarcane seed certification programs.

scholarly journals Effects of Defoliation and Competition on Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Spotted Knapweed

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lacey ◽  
Kathrin M. Olson-Rutz ◽  
Marshall R. Haferkamp ◽  
Gregory A. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

scholarly journals Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Cruz ◽  
Gladys F. A. Melo-de-Pinna ◽  
Alejandra Vasco ◽  
Jefferson Prado ◽  
Barbara A. Ambrose
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Class I ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Histone H4 ◽  
Knox Genes ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristems

Unlike seed plants, ferns leaves are considered to be structures with delayed determinacy, with a leaf apical meristem similar to the shoot apical meristems. To better understand the meristematic organization during leaf development and determinacy control, we analyzed the cell divisions and expression of Class I KNOX genes in Mickelia scandens, a fern that produces larger leaves with more pinnae in its climbing form than in its terrestrial form. We performed anatomical, in situ hybridization, and qRT-PCR experiments with histone H4 (cell division marker) and Class I KNOX genes. We found that Class I KNOX genes are expressed in shoot apical meristems, leaf apical meristems, and pinnae primordia. During early development, cell divisions occur in the most distal regions of the analyzed structures, including pinnae, and are not restricted to apical cells. Fern leaves and pinnae bear apical meristems that may partially act as indeterminate shoots, supporting the hypothesis of homology between shoots and leaves. Class I KNOX expression is correlated with indeterminacy in the apex and leaf of ferns, suggesting a conserved function for these genes in euphyllophytes with compound leaves.

Dual Enzyme Method for Determination of Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Khaja Khaleeluddin ◽  
Linda Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Iodometric Titration ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Enzyme Method

Abstract Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in plant tissue are underestimated by single enzyme (a-amylase or glucoamylase) extraction and overestimated by mild acid hydrolysis. A combination of glucoamylase and mycolase degraded starch completely to glucose at 60°C and pH 4.9. This dual enzyme extraction procedure was effective in determining TNC in plant tissues that do not accumulate fructosans. The reducing sugar (mainly glucose and/or fructose) extracts produced by enzymatic digestion of plant tissue were clarified with barium hydroxide and zinc sulfate solutions and analyzed by the Shaffer-Somogyi copperiodometric titration method. The dual enzyme method hydrolyzed pure starch derived from corn, wheat, and potato, and potato-soluble starch to about 100% glucose, whereas mycolase only yielded about 88% hydrolysis. Although corn starch was completely hydrolyzed in 2 h by the dual enzyme method, plant tissues required at least 24 h hydrolysis for maximum TNC values. Lead acetate precipitation of the protein in the dual enzyme extracts interfered with the copper-iodometric titration. Gelatinization of starch in plant tissue by autoclaving gave higher TNC values than heating on a hot plate for 5 min. The Schaffer-Somogyi copper iodometric titration method could be used to measure/or define the activity of certain enzymes.

Smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) Control in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Pastures

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mislevy ◽  
Donn G. Shilling ◽  
Frank G. Martin ◽  
Stephan L. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Physiological Stage ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dark Green

Field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate seasonal effects of herbicide application, smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) growth stage, and herbicide rate on smutgrass control. The experimental design was a split–split plot, with season (late spring, midsummer, and fall) as the whole plot, physiological stage at application (uncut, 15-, and 30-cm regrowth) the subplot, and hexazinone rate (0.0, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ai/ha) as the sub-subplot treatment. Whole plots were arranged in three randomized complete blocks. Smutgrass control for the mean of the hexazinone treatments (1989 and 1990) was 95%. Application of 0.56 kg/ha hexazinone during late spring, midsummer, and fall seasons provided 77, 92, and 92% smutgrass control, respectively. Generally, the influence of plant stage at time of hexazinone application had no effect (P > 0.05) on smutgrass control. At 20 d after treatment (DAT), hexazinone had injured bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) plants by yellowing them, but the plants reverted to their usual dark green color by 40 DAT. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were lower for the 30-cm regrowth than for the uncut plants, regardless of season; however, 30-cm regrowth had little effect on smutgrass control.

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