Multiple Defoliation Effects on Herbage Yield, Vigor, and Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Five Range Species

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buwai ◽  
M. J. Trlica
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Herbage Yield

Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Campagna ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

Changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol before premature leaf senescence of Populus nigra induced by a mixture of O3 and SO2

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Fialho ◽  
J. Bücker
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Premature Leaf Senescence ◽  
Early Indication

Specimens of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen exhibit premature leaf senescence when exposed for a few weeks to realistic air pollution. In this study, the changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol (MI) due to 30 ± 1 nL/L O3 + 12 ± 1 nL/L SO2 from the onset of exposure to the occurrence of premature abscission is presented. Petioles and laminae of the 12 oldest leaves were separately analysed on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 22, and 32 of continuous exposure, which was performed in open-top chambers (OTC). On days 8 to 12, clearly prior to yellowing (starting on day 22), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; starch + raffinose + sucrose + glucose + fructose + MI) in the fumigated laminae exceeded that in controls by about 30%. This increase was due to higher amounts of different soluble forms, while starch remained unaltered. From day 20 onwards, the level of TNC in the fumigated laminae progressively fell below that in controls. This decrease was due to a progressive decline in starch, which had started on day 16 and was dominating, although glucose and raffinose increased significantly. In the petioles, starch, sucrose, and glucose decreased because of fumigation with the occurrence of leaf yellowing, while raffinose increased. In contrast, MI in the petioles progressively accumulated directly on exposure until leaf yellowing occurred. The results are discussed in terms of the "general adaption syndrome" of H. Selye (1936. Nature (London), 138: 32). The marked MI response in petioles is concluded to be an early indication of phytorelevant O3 + SO2 pollution. Keywords: air pollution, carbohydrates, myo-inositol, pigments, Populus nigra L., senescence, stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Defoliation and Competition on Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Spotted Knapweed

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Lacey ◽  
Kathrin M. Olson-Rutz ◽  
Marshall R. Haferkamp ◽  
Gregory A. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Dual Enzyme Method for Determination of Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Khaja Khaleeluddin ◽  
Linda Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Iodometric Titration ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Enzyme Method

Abstract Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in plant tissue are underestimated by single enzyme (a-amylase or glucoamylase) extraction and overestimated by mild acid hydrolysis. A combination of glucoamylase and mycolase degraded starch completely to glucose at 60°C and pH 4.9. This dual enzyme extraction procedure was effective in determining TNC in plant tissues that do not accumulate fructosans. The reducing sugar (mainly glucose and/or fructose) extracts produced by enzymatic digestion of plant tissue were clarified with barium hydroxide and zinc sulfate solutions and analyzed by the Shaffer-Somogyi copperiodometric titration method. The dual enzyme method hydrolyzed pure starch derived from corn, wheat, and potato, and potato-soluble starch to about 100% glucose, whereas mycolase only yielded about 88% hydrolysis. Although corn starch was completely hydrolyzed in 2 h by the dual enzyme method, plant tissues required at least 24 h hydrolysis for maximum TNC values. Lead acetate precipitation of the protein in the dual enzyme extracts interfered with the copper-iodometric titration. Gelatinization of starch in plant tissue by autoclaving gave higher TNC values than heating on a hot plate for 5 min. The Schaffer-Somogyi copper iodometric titration method could be used to measure/or define the activity of certain enzymes.

Smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) Control in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Pastures

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mislevy ◽  
Donn G. Shilling ◽  
Frank G. Martin ◽  
Stephan L. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Physiological Stage ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dark Green

Field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate seasonal effects of herbicide application, smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) growth stage, and herbicide rate on smutgrass control. The experimental design was a split–split plot, with season (late spring, midsummer, and fall) as the whole plot, physiological stage at application (uncut, 15-, and 30-cm regrowth) the subplot, and hexazinone rate (0.0, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ai/ha) as the sub-subplot treatment. Whole plots were arranged in three randomized complete blocks. Smutgrass control for the mean of the hexazinone treatments (1989 and 1990) was 95%. Application of 0.56 kg/ha hexazinone during late spring, midsummer, and fall seasons provided 77, 92, and 92% smutgrass control, respectively. Generally, the influence of plant stage at time of hexazinone application had no effect (P > 0.05) on smutgrass control. At 20 d after treatment (DAT), hexazinone had injured bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) plants by yellowing them, but the plants reverted to their usual dark green color by 40 DAT. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were lower for the 30-cm regrowth than for the uncut plants, regardless of season; however, 30-cm regrowth had little effect on smutgrass control.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF FROKER OATS FOR FORAGE. II. CONCENTRATIONS AND YIELDS OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
DALE SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Froker oats (Avena sativa L.) was grown from seed to initial panicle emergence in three day/night temperature regimes: hot (H) 32/26 C, warm (W) 27/21 C, and cool (C) 21/15 C. At initial panicle emergence, some plants were transferred to the other regimes to provide nine temperature treatments until harvest at complete panicle emergence. High herbage concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) generally resulted when C temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence, whereas high crude protein (CP) and elemental concentrations generally resulted when H temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence. In general, yields (g/pot) of DM, IVDDM, TNC, CP, fat, and ash were influenced more by temperature before than after initial panicle emergence. However, yields of DM, IVDDM, and TNC were reduced markedly by the change from C to W and from C to H, and were increased by the change from H to C.

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