The Functional Response of Predators to Prey Density and its Role in Mimicry and Population Regulation

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (S45) ◽  
pp. 5-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Holling
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Population Regulation

Some Characteristics of Simple Types of Predation and Parasitism

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 385-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Holling
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Predator Prey

In an earlier study (Holling, 1959) the basic and subsidiary components of predation were demonstrated in a predator-prey situation involving the predation of sawfly cocoons by small mammals. One of the basic components, termed the functional response, was a response of the consumption of prey by individual predators to changes of prey density, and it appeared to be at least theoretically important in population regulation: Because of this importance the functional response has been further examined in an attempt to explain its characteristics.

Functional response in coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is modified by prey-density experience

2022 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desh Deepak Chaudhary ◽  
Bhupendra Kumar ◽  
Geetanjali Mishra ◽  
Omkar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Rearing Density ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response

Abstract In the present study, we assessed functional response curves of two generalist coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), specifically Menochilus sexmaculatus and Propylea dissecta, using fluctuating densities of aphid prey as a stimulus. In what may be the first such study, we investigated how the prey density experienced during the early larval development of these two predatory beetle species shaped the functional response curves of the late instar–larval and adult stages. The predators were switched from their rearing prey-density environments of scarce, optimal, or abundant prey to five testing density environments of extremely scarce, scarce, suboptimal, optimal, or abundant prey. The individuals of M. sexmaculatus that were reared on either scarce- and optimal- or abundant-prey densities exhibited type II functional response curves as both larvae and adults. However, individuals of P. dissecta that were reared on scarce- and abundant-prey densities displayed modified type II functional response curves as larvae and type II functional response curves as adults. In contrast, individuals of P. dissecta reared on the optimal-prey density displayed type II functional response curves as larvae and modified type II functional response curves as adults. The fourth-instar larvae and adult females of M. sexmaculatus and P. dissecta also exhibited highest prey consumption (T/Th) and shortest prey-handling time (Th) on the scarce-prey rearing density. Thus, under fluctuating-prey conditions, M. sexmaculatus is a better biological control agent of aphids than P. dissecta is.

scholarly journals Functional and Numerical Responses of Scymnus Syriacus Marseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory Conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Sabaghi ◽  
Ahad Sahragard ◽  
Reza Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Black Bean ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response ◽  
Black Bean Aphid

Functional and Numerical Responses ofScymnus SyriacusMarseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid,Aphis FabaeScopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory ConditionsFunctional and numerical responses are basic to any investigation of predator-prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. In this study, functional and numerical responses of the female and male ladybeetles,Scymnus syriacusMarseul to different densities of third instar nymphs ofAphis fabae(i.e.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80) as prey, were studied in a growth chamber (25°C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L : 8D h) on the broad bean,Vicia fabaeLinn. Using the logistic regression, a type II functional response for both female and male ladybeetles was determined. Using Nonlinear least-square regression, the searching efficiency (a') and handling times (Th) of the female and male adults were estimated as 0.123±0.006 h, 0.434±0.012 h and 0.115±0.008 h, 0.514±0.016, respectively. The Rogers model was used to estimate the maximum theoretical predations (T/Th) for female and male, which were 55.18 and 46.64, respectively. These results indicated a higher efficiency in female ladybeetles. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvlinearly with increasing prey density. The reproductive response trend was similar to the shape of the type II functional response. This similarity means both responses are interlinked and function simultaneously. The efficiency of the ingested food conversion (ECI) of the females decreased with prey density, as females laid 25±0.65 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 3±0.44 eggs at lowest prey density (5).

Predation of Indianmeal Moth Larvae by Lyctocoris campestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Different Stored Commodities

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Meagher ◽  
L. A. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Plodia Interpunctella ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Indianmeal Moth ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Response Equation ◽  
Predation Rates ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response

Predation rates for the anthocorid predator Lyctocoris campestris (F.) against varying densities of late-instar Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) were compared in whole corn, whole wheat, or rolled oat stored commodities. More prey were attacked in corn and wheat than in oats, and female predators generally fed on more larvae than did male predators. Predation increased with an increase in prey density. This relationship was best described by a Type II functional response equation. Our results suggest that commodity type affects the number of prey attacked by this predator.

A comparison of the functional ecology of visual vs. nonvisual foraging in two planktivorous marine fishes

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford H Ryer ◽  
Angela Lawton ◽  
Ricardo J Lopez ◽  
Bori L Olla
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Walleye Pollock ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Type I ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Line System ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Visual Foraging

Some visually foraging planktivorous fish will facultatively engage in nonvisual foraging when opportunities arise or necessity dictates. Yet, little is known about the ecology of nonvisual foraging. We examined the roles of prey size, fish size, and prey density on the nonvisual foraging of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (40–100 mm total length), and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (66–89 mm), in the laboratory. Both species were size selective, disproportionately consuming large prey just as they do during visual foraging. Large prey were encountered more often, presumably because they were more easily detected by the fish's lateral-line system. When foraging visually, larger fish consumed more prey, but during nonvisual foraging, there was no foraging advantage to greater fish size. Unlike visual detection distances, lateral-line detection distances may not increase appreciably with fish size. Lastly, prey density influenced nonvisual prey consumption. Walleye pollock were characterized by a type I functional response, whereas sablefish were characterized by a type II functional response. Models of planktivore foraging typically assume negligible foraging by particulate feeders below their visual foraging thresholds. On the basis of this study and field data, we suggest that foraging models for particulate feeders, such as juvenile walleye pollock and sablefish, should account for nonvisual size-selective foraging.

scholarly journals Functional Response and Control Potential of Orius sauteri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Tea Thrips (Dendrothrips minowai Priesner)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Qiuping Zhang ◽  
Ruifang Zhang ◽  
Qiuqiu Zhang ◽  
Dezhong Ji ◽  
Xia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Control Potential ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Predation Effects ◽  
Interference Response ◽  
And Control

This study aimed to clarify the functional response and control potential of O. sauteri in relation to tea thrips. The functional response, interference response, and control potential of O. sauteri on adult tea thrips, in different insect stages and environment temperatures, were studied. The results showed that the predation of O. sauteri against tea thrips was positively correlated with prey density, while the effects of searching for O. sauteri on the adult tea thrips were negatively correlated with prey density. The predation effects of O. sauteri on tea thrips were also influenced by prey density, which indicated that there was an intra-specific interference response from predators to tea thrips. The population density of tea thrips was significantly decreased, and O. sauteri showed a remarkable ability to control them when the benefit-to-harm ratio was 3:100.

Prey stage preference and functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to eggs of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147-1157
Author(s):  
Rosenya Michely Cintra Filgueiras ◽  
Jairo De Almeida Mendes ◽  
Francisco Wesller Batista Da Silva ◽  
Eduardo Pereira De Sousa Neto ◽  
José Wagner Da Silva Melo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Neoseiulus Barkeri ◽  
Raoiella Indica ◽  
Prey Stage Preference

Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is a polyphagous pest widely dispersed worldwide and a particular threat to crops from the Arecaceae family. Control measures are still being evaluated in recently invaded countries. A possible control strategy for this pest is the use of predatory mites. A recent study has suggested Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biological control agent of R. indica. In the present study we determined the prey stage preference of N. barkeri when offered different stages of R. indica besides its functional response and numerical over its prey stage preferred. The predatory mite N. barkeri showed a marked preference for eggs over other stages of the prey. The regression analysis indicated that the predatory mite N. barkeri exhibited a Type II functional response. The prey density needed to start the oviposition was 10 R. indica eggs. The number of eggs laid by N. barkeri females increased with an increase in the prey density and tended to stabilize when prey availability was greater than 80 R. indica eggs, with average oviposition of 2 eggs/female. Our study suggests that N. barkeri shows potential to reduce populations of R. indica, especially at low prey densities. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether R. indica supports the development of immature stages of N. barkeri.

Functional and numerical responses of Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to different biological stages of Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Döker ◽  
Kemal Yalcin ◽  
Kamil Karut ◽  
Cengiz Kazak
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Iphiseius Degenerans ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response

Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite, Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to four different biological stages (egg, larva, protonymph and adult male) of the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae) were determined under laboratory conditions. In the experiments, six different prey densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) for each biological stage of the prey were provided to the predatory mite for 24 hours. Results showed that the proportion of prey consumption of I. degenerans decelerated with increasing prey densities of all biological stages of the prey. Logistic regression analysis indicated that I. degenerans showed a Type II functional response regardless of prey stage. The attack rate (α) and the handling time (Th) varied based on the biological stages. The highest α (1.596) and the lowest Th (0.014) values were determined when the predator fed on adult males and larvae of E. orientalis, respectively. The numerical response curves were similar to those of Type II functional response. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of female I. degenerans decreased on all biological stages when prey density increased. The highest and the lowest average daily mean number of eggs laid by I. degenerans were found as 0.45 and 1.90 when it fed on eggs and larvae of its prey, respectively. According to the results, I. degenerans has a potential to be used as a predator in biological control of E. orientalis.

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