Some Characteristics of Simple Types of Predation and Parasitism

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 385-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Holling
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Predator Prey

In an earlier study (Holling, 1959) the basic and subsidiary components of predation were demonstrated in a predator-prey situation involving the predation of sawfly cocoons by small mammals. One of the basic components, termed the functional response, was a response of the consumption of prey by individual predators to changes of prey density, and it appeared to be at least theoretically important in population regulation: Because of this importance the functional response has been further examined in an attempt to explain its characteristics.

The functional response of drift-feeding Arctic grayling: the effects of prey density, water velocity, and location efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1957-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
W John O'Brien ◽  
Michael Barfield ◽  
Karen Sigler
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Current Velocity ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Arctic Grayling ◽  
Drift Feeding ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana

An important aspect of a predator–prey system is the functional response of the predator to changing prey densities. We studied the feeding rate response of drift-feeding Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) on a small invertebrate prey, Daphnia middendorffiana, at densities ranging from 0.01 L–1 to 1.8 L–1 and current velocities of 25, 32, and 40 cm·s–1. We videotaped the feeding of grayling to determine the duration of the search and pursuit components of the feeding cycle and the location efficiency of grayling feeding at different current velocities. Feeding rate increased approximately as the prey density to the 0.4 power from 0.01 to 1.25 prey·L–1, above which the feeding rate dropped. Current velocity had no significant effect on feeding rate. Search and pursuit times dropped with increasing prey density, but neither was affected by current velocity. However, current velocity reduced both maximum location distance and location efficiency. The lack of increase in feeding rate with increasing current velocity may be due to a trade-off between the increasing likelihood of encounter and decreasing location efficiency as current velocity increases. These data suggest that grayling could effectively feed in a variety of stream habitats with different current velocity.

Experimental studies on acarine predator–prey interactions: the response of predators to prey distribution in an homogeneous area (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Distribution ◽  
Uniform Distributions ◽  
Homogeneous Area ◽  
Prey Depletion

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of prey distribution in an homogeneous area on the searching success and functional response of two species of phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of the prey affected the searching success and functional response of P. persimilis but not of A. degenerans. More prey were killed by the former predator when prey were clustered, followed by random and uniform distributions. In contrast to A. degenerans, the degree of prey aggregation at a given prey density also affected the number of prey killed by P. persimilis. With both predators, prey depletion affected the comparative success of the predators at certain prey distributions. It is concluded that P. persimilis is adapted to search for prey which aggregate, whereas A. degenerans is not. The results are discussed in terms of their potential importance in predation and biological control studies.

PREDATOR–PREY MODELS WITH ADDED MORTALITY

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barclay ◽  
P. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Predator Prey Models

AbstractSeveral predator–prey models are examined to assess the generality of Volterra’s contention that an external mortality imposed simultaneously on both predators and prey results in a decrease in predators and an increase in prey equilibrium numbers. The models indicate that this phenomenon occurs mainly as a result of the lack of predator crowding. If predator crowding occurs, a strong functional response of predators to prey density, or light prey mortality relative to predator mortality, is required for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur. In increasing populations away from equilibrium, numerical results indicate conditions for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur.

Experimental studies on acarine predator–prey interactions: effects of predator age and feeding history on prey consumption and the functional response (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1387-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Predator Prey

Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the functional response to prey density of various instars of two species of predacious phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans, and to examine the effects of predator age and nutritional history on their responses. The experiments showed that the nutritional requirements of the predators, the time that they are exposed to prey in relation to their life-span, increasing age, and differences in nutritional history, can have important effects on predatory behaviour and the functional response. Prolonged exposure to one density of prey can cause lags in predation rates when the prey density is changed. The results indicated that functional responses are probably multiform in certain predators and the above factors may provide an explanation of the variety of responses previously reported for species of phytoseiid mites. Phytoseiulus persimilis appeared to be more sensitive to some of these factors than A. degenerans and was shown to be different in many aspects of its predatory behaviour.

scholarly journals Investigation on dynamics of an impulsive predator–prey system with generalized Holling type IV functional response and anti-predator behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sekson Sirisubtawee ◽  
Nattawut Khansai ◽  
Akapak Charoenloedmongkhon
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Solution ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Positive Periodic Solution ◽  
Existence Condition ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
Predator Behavior

AbstractIn the present article, we propose and analyze a new mathematical model for a predator–prey system including the following terms: a Monod–Haldane functional response (a generalized Holling type IV), a term describing the anti-predator behavior of prey populations and one for an impulsive control strategy. In particular, we establish the existence condition under which the system has a locally asymptotically stable prey-eradication periodic solution. Violating such a condition, the system turns out to be permanent. Employing bifurcation theory, some conditions, under which the existence and stability of a positive periodic solution of the system occur but its prey-eradication periodic solution becomes unstable, are provided. Furthermore, numerical simulations for the proposed model are given to confirm the obtained theoretical results.

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