THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVIII. PREDATOR AND PREY POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO MITICIDES

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 689-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
High Population ◽  
Untreated Plot ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Beneficial Insects ◽  
Predaceous Mites ◽  
Tolerable Level

AbstractOvex, tetradifon, and chlorbenside which are largely innocuous, and parathion which is more harmful, to beneficial insects and predaceous mites, have been used in apple orchards in Nova Scotia to control outbreaks of phytophagous mites. Dicofol is used at present but it is toxic to predaceous mites. Animert V-101 is effective against Panonychus ulmi (Koch) but is ineffective on most beneficial species. Dicofol and Animert V-101 initially reduced a high population of P. ulmi but were equally ineffective on predaceous insects. The latter chemical was innocuous to Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.) but gave partial control of P. ulmi. A similar high population of P. ulmi was reduced to a low level on a comparative untreated plot where a high number of predators was present. This reduction was evident 1 month later than on the treated plots. The overwintering numbers of P. ulmi in 1966 were below a commercially tolerable level on the three plots.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Predacious Species

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.

Influence of Various Numbers of Prey on Rate of Development, Oviposition, and Longevity of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the Laboratory

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Phytophagous Mites

The predacious mites of the subfamily Phytoseiinae are common predators of the phytophagous mites in apple orchards in Nova Scotia. There is little information in the literature on the value of these predators in the control of phytophagous mites or on the food necessary for their development and reproduction. Ballard (1953) found that at 78°F. at least two males of Tetranychus bimaculatus Har. were required daily by Typhlodroms fallacis (Garm.) to complete the protonymphal or the deutonymphal instar. The males and mated females consumed daily an average of 3.9 and 7.5 males respectively from the larva1 to the adult stage. Chant (1960) found that T. pyri required 25 larvae of Panonychus ulmi (Koch), during 26 days to complete development at 64°F. in the absence of plant material or free water. These authors did not study the effects of different amounts of food on the development of these two species of phytoseiids.

Effects of Increasing the Nitrogen Level of Apple Leaves on Mite and Predator Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord ◽  
D. K. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Balance ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Predacious Species

Prior to 1950 the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, was a major pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, and brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., was practically non-existent. Lord (1949), showed that the sulphur fungicides, commonly in use up to that time, were detrimental to some of the predacious species and toxic to the brown mite. After 1950 red mite populations became negligible and, although the brown mites increased, they did not become sufficiently abundant to cause economic damage. This shift of population balance in Nova kotia orchards has been attributed to the gradual replacement of sulphur and other detrimental materials by pesticides less harmful to predators of the mites (Pickett 1953).

SEX RATIO OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe number of male and female first generation Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were recorded from 13 apple orchards representing widely different levels of mite infestation on four different varieties. The average percentage of males was 27.5. Statistically significant differences were found among orchards, varieties, observers, and their interactions. No relationship between sex ratio and population density was evident.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVII. EFFECTS ON SOME PREDACIOUS MITES

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Amblyseius Fallacis ◽  
Phytoseiulus Macropilis

AbstractThe effects from treating populations of predacious mites with a number of spray chemicals are tabulated. The species include Phytoseiidae: Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, T. rhenanus (Oudms.), Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudms.); and Raphignathidae: Mediolatta novae-scotiae Nes. The chemicals include fungicides, acaricides and insecticides.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XV. Chemical Controls for Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and Their Effects on Phytophagous Mite and Predator Populations

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Lead Arsenate ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Low Dosage

AbstractIn the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XIX. APPLE RUST MITE, VASATES SCHLECHTENDALI, A FOOD SOURCE FOR PREDATORS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Common Food ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selective Chemical

AbstractMaintenance of predacious arthropods in apple orchards requires both the judicious use of chemical sprays and the presence of adequate food supplies. When the common food source, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), is depleted by either a selective chemical, such as Animert V-101, or by excessive activity of the predators, the apple rust mite, Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.), if present, provides an alternate food. This enables survival of sufficient numbers of predators to prevent resurgence of the red mite within the same season.

PREY PREFERENCES OF ADULT AND IMMATURE ZETZELLIA MALI EWING (ACARI: STIGMAEIDAE) AND TYPHLODROMUS CAUDIGLANS SCHUSTER (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Rudolf Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Prey Preferences ◽  
Eriophyid Mites

Effective management of the interactions within the mite community is critical to biological control of economically damaging phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi Koch (Tetranychidae) (Clements and Harmsen 1990). Although much is known about the potential role of phytoseiid mites in controlling P. ulmi (Dover et al. 1979), mites from at least seven other families may be present in apple orchards (Thistlewood 1991). Stigmaeid mites are predators which may play a beneficial role in biological control in conjunction with phytoseiids (Clements and Harmsen 1992). Eriophyid mites are phytophagous but seldom cause economic damage, and may compete with tetranychids and provide alternative food for predators of tetranychids (Croft and Hoying 1977).

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