Effects of Increasing the Nitrogen Level of Apple Leaves on Mite and Predator Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord ◽  
D. K. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Balance ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Predacious Species

Prior to 1950 the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, was a major pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, and brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., was practically non-existent. Lord (1949), showed that the sulphur fungicides, commonly in use up to that time, were detrimental to some of the predacious species and toxic to the brown mite. After 1950 red mite populations became negligible and, although the brown mites increased, they did not become sufficiently abundant to cause economic damage. This shift of population balance in Nova kotia orchards has been attributed to the gradual replacement of sulphur and other detrimental materials by pesticides less harmful to predators of the mites (Pickett 1953).

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Predacious Species

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.

SEX RATIO OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe number of male and female first generation Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were recorded from 13 apple orchards representing widely different levels of mite infestation on four different varieties. The average percentage of males was 27.5. Statistically significant differences were found among orchards, varieties, observers, and their interactions. No relationship between sex ratio and population density was evident.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XIX. APPLE RUST MITE, VASATES SCHLECHTENDALI, A FOOD SOURCE FOR PREDATORS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Common Food ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selective Chemical

AbstractMaintenance of predacious arthropods in apple orchards requires both the judicious use of chemical sprays and the presence of adequate food supplies. When the common food source, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), is depleted by either a selective chemical, such as Animert V-101, or by excessive activity of the predators, the apple rust mite, Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.), if present, provides an alternate food. This enables survival of sufficient numbers of predators to prevent resurgence of the red mite within the same season.

PREY PREFERENCES OF ADULT AND IMMATURE ZETZELLIA MALI EWING (ACARI: STIGMAEIDAE) AND TYPHLODROMUS CAUDIGLANS SCHUSTER (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Rudolf Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Prey Preferences ◽  
Eriophyid Mites

Effective management of the interactions within the mite community is critical to biological control of economically damaging phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi Koch (Tetranychidae) (Clements and Harmsen 1990). Although much is known about the potential role of phytoseiid mites in controlling P. ulmi (Dover et al. 1979), mites from at least seven other families may be present in apple orchards (Thistlewood 1991). Stigmaeid mites are predators which may play a beneficial role in biological control in conjunction with phytoseiids (Clements and Harmsen 1992). Eriophyid mites are phytophagous but seldom cause economic damage, and may compete with tetranychids and provide alternative food for predators of tetranychids (Croft and Hoying 1977).

SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), EGGS ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1519-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Tree Population ◽  
Sampling Systems ◽  
Mature Apple ◽  
Whole Tree

AbstractA study was conducted in a mature apple orchard in Nova Scotia to compare the density of eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), over the whole tree to their density on a selected area using a random selection and standard selection technique. Both methods provided nearly equivalent estimates of population densities for generations 2 and 4 but not for generation 3. The population estimates based on sampling from the selected area overestimated the whole tree population.Optimum allocation of sampling resources may be obtained by sampling a small number of clusters from each of a large number of trees.

THE EGG AND OVIPOSITION SITE OF DERAEOCORIS NEBULOSUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McCaffrey ◽  
R. L. Horsburgh
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Ornamental Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Oviposition Sites

The predaceous mirid Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) is found on more than 50 species of ornamental trees and shrubs where it feeds on several important pest species (Wheeler et al. 1975). It is a common mite and aphid predator in commercial apple orchards in Virginia (Parrella et al. 1978). Wheeler et al. (1975) described the nymphal stages and biology, but made no mention of the egg or oviposition site. We describe the egg and oviposition site which we discovered while studying various predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Virginia apple orchards. Eggs and oviposition sites of other predaceous mirids associated with apple have been described (Kullenberg 1942; Collyer 1952, 1953; Sanford 1964; Horsburgh and Asquith 1968, 1970).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. III. Mites and their Predators

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Bordeaux Mixture ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Bloom Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci ◽  
Predacious Species

Three mirids, Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Hyaliodes harti Knight, and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), are effective predators of the red mite and probably of the clover mite from early in June until the latter part of July. These three species are the only important predacious mirids under the conditions of the present spray practices in Nova Scotia. Gilliatt (2) has given an account of the life-histories of the three specics and discussed their importance in the natural contrnl of the red mite, and his account need not be repeated here. The three mirids are often the only important predacious species in many commercial orchards during the summer months because of the destruction of I. tiliae and H. faurei by the sulphur sprays emploved around the bloom period. Their presence in such orchards is in itself evidence that neither bordeaux mixture nor flotation sulphur reduces their numbers. Observation on a considerable number of occasions showed that iron carbamate has no effect on these mirids. An opportunity to test some of the common spray chemicals on two of the species was presented in the F. Palmer orchard at Berwick in 1947. Two trees were sprayed with each of the materials listed, and the insects were collected as they dropped on two trays, of 32 square feet each, which had been placed beneath the trees.

LABORATORY TESTS TO COMPARE THE PREDATORY VALUE OF SIX MIRID SPECIES IN EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AGAINST THE WINTER EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1663-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci ◽  
Predacious Species ◽  
Feeding Techniques

AbstractSix species of predacious Miridae, common to apple trees in Nova Scotia, were used to develop laboratory rearing and feeding techniques for comparing the abilities of predators to consume prey. The test prey species was the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in the winter egg stage. The numbers of eggs consumed per day and per instar in the tests compared favourably with the known predatory values of these mirids under orchard conditions. Both sources of information were used to give the predators a tentative rating. The mirids Hyaliodes harti Knight, Diaphnocoris pellucida (Uhler), Pilophorus perplexus D. and S., and Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) are effective predators, approximately equal to each other in ability to consume the winter eggs of the red mite. The two species Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) and Atractotomus mali (Meyer), which are phytophagous as well as predacious, were less voracious.The results indicate it may be feasible to develop a series of weighting factors, one for each stage of each predacious species, based on ability to consume prey.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural Enemies of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stultz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Orchard Pests

The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), has a long history as a pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, serious damage by it being reported as early as 1891 (Fletcher, 1892). Its status has fluctuated considerably, the most notable outbreak reaching its peak in 1927. This outbreak occurred when dusts were being used for the control of orchard pests, and (Kelsall 1932) was one of the two main reasons for abandoning the general use of dusts after 1927. The bud moth declined rapidly after 1927 and by 1931 was rated a minor pest (Gilliatt, 1932a). After flutuating at relatively low levels for seven years, it increased in importance and by 1942 was again a major pest. From 1942 to 1952, there was little change in its general status although large fluctuations in population were observed in orchards in which certain insecticides had been used (Stultz, 1950). During 1953, there was a marked decline in the average population level although reductions did not occur in all orchards.

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