THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOOD AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN FIVE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Ayre
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Feeding Habits

AbstractResults of the analyses for digestive enzymes in the glands and midguts of five species of ants showed that invertase is usually secreted by the maxillary glands, amylase by the salivary glands, and protease and lipase by the midgut. Lipase was found in the post-pharyngeal glands but observations indicate that it is not associated with the digestion of ingested food. Differences in the activity of the enzymes in different species tended to reflect the feeding habits of the ants.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

scholarly journals Biochemical and morphological aspects of salivary glands of the predator Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dihego de Oliveira Azevedo ◽  
José Cola Zanuncio ◽  
José Salazar Zanuncio Jr. ◽  
Gustavo Ferreira Martins ◽  
Solange Marques-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Different Parts

The aim of this work was to study the feeding habits of the predator Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) analyzing the salivary gland complex (SGC). The SGC was dissected and subjected to histological analyses and biochemical assays. Results showed that a pair of bilobed principal salivary glands and one pair of tubular accessory salivary glands form the SGC and different parts of salivary gland synthesizes similar substances. Lipases, a-amylase and trypsin-like enzymes were detected at both lobes of the principal salivary gland. These data together with observations related to the predator's diet suggested that it could be considered an obligate zoophytophagous.

scholarly journals The Digestive Enzymes of the Onychophora (Peripatopsis spp.)

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-343
Author(s):  
NORMAN G. HEATLEY
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
The Individual

1. An investigation has been made of the digestive enzymes of Peripatopsis spp. 2. The pH of the gut varies between 6.0 and 8.2; it is usually about 7.0. 3. The salivary glands elaborate amylase, glycogenase, protease and carboxypolypeptidase. 4. The gut digestive enzymes consist of invertase, maltase, lipase, esterase, amino- and carboxypolypeptidase and dipeptidase. Gelatin is also liquefied by the gut, but at pH 3.0 only. 5. The properties of some of the individual enzymes have been examined.

scholarly journals Composition of gastrointestinal content, protease and lipase activities in summer and winter of four freshwater siluriforms (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) with two different feeding habits

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Gottlieb Almeida ◽  
Everton Luis Zardo ◽  
Candida Toni ◽  
Everton Rodolfo Behr ◽  
Leila Picolli da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdiaquelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodusmaculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthysanus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomuscommersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.

The Morphology and Physiology of the Salivary Glands of Hemiptera-Heteroptera

1941 ◽  
Vol s2-83 (329) ◽  
pp. 91-139
Author(s):  
B. A. BAPTIST
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Glandular Epithelium ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Zymogen Granules ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Axial Canal

The salivary glands of the Heteroptera consist of a pair of primarily bilobed principal glands and accessory glands which vary very greatly in form and structure in different families. The glands are usually supplied with tracheae, and the principal glands are invested by a nervous plexus which is supplied by a glandular nerve from the hypocerebral ganglion of the stomatogastric system. The principal salivary gland of Notonecta is characterized by the presence of large cells having zymogen granules and by the storage of fluid secretion in vacuoles. In contrast, most of the remaining Heteropteran salivary glands belong to the vesicular type, having a one-layered glandular epithelium made up of small cells which discharge their secretion into a large central storage cavity or axial canal. This type of gland lacks zymogen granules but has small dense masses of reserve material in the basal or outer parts of the cells. There is normally no difference in the structure of the glandular epithelium in the different lobes. The accessory glands are either in the form of a thin-walled bladder-like vesicle, or are tubular or duct-like; they seem to be purely a development of the primary conducting glandular system, and are thus homologous with the salivary reservoir of other orders. All the information obtained in this work is strongly against the idea that the various lobes of Hemipterous salivary glands produce widely different chemical substances, each with a special function. The results obtained by Fauré-Fremiet have not been confirmed. Except with blood-sucking forms digestive enzymes were always found in the glands, two enzymes being the maximum number found in any particular gland. The enzymes were found to be always related to the type of food consumed, and were those concerned with the digestion of that particular component of the food which was present in the greatest proportion. In no case was a cellulase found. An anti-coagulant principle was found to be present in the glands of blood-sucking forms. The accessory glands appear to produce only a watery secretion, enzymes being absent. The pH of the principal gland is generally slightly acid, while that of the accessory gland is neutral. Mitochondria and Golgi bodies typical of insect tissue are present in certain glands, but show no relation to the secretion granules, and thus do not appear to contribute to secretion synthesis. From a number of experiments it appears that the action of the digestive enzymes is not sufficiently rapid for external digestion to take place to any great extent. It seems, however, certain that quite an appreciable quantity of the injected saliva is imbibed again, and that the salivary digestion continues in the stomach, where the food taken in is first stored. The pH activity range of the enzymes is in general wide.

ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, AND SECRETIONS OF SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALLAS) (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Bronskill ◽  
E. H. Salkeld ◽  
W. G. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Milkweed Bug ◽  
Accessory Glands

As in most Heteroptera, the salivary system of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) consists of a pair of trilobed principal glands and a pair of tubular accessory glands with associated ducts; the anatomy and histology are reported in detail. Tests for digestive enzymes demonstrated the presence of amylase, protease, invertase, and lipase. The various lobes of the salivary glands contain different digestive enzymes, a finding that is at variance with some published reports on allied Heteroptera.

Digestive enzymes of eight Amazonian teleosts with different feeding habits

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. López-Vásquez ◽  
C. A. Castro-Pérez ◽  
A. L. Val
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Feeding Habits
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