DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA BOVIS AND HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AND ITS INHIBITION BY SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Histochemical Demonstration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Salivary Duct ◽  
Ring Gland ◽  
Hypoderma Bovis ◽  
Acetylthiocholine Iodide ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractLarvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) when incubated with the substrate acetylthiocholine iodide showed the presence of cholinesterase throughout the central nervous system and sense organs, in gonads, oenocytes, Malpighian tubes, anlagen of adult structures, part of the posterior midintestine, and at the junctions of the muscles of the body wall. Incubation with the substrate 5-bromoindoxyl acetate showed all the aforementioned and in addition demonstrated the presence of aliesterase (organophosphorus-sensitive esterase) in the cell cytoplasm of all the midintestinal epithelium, the ring gland, tracheal epithelium, salivary duct epithelium, and in the perineurium of the nerve sheath. Aromesterase (organophosphorus-resistant esterase) was particularly abundant in the epithelium of the midintestine. Lipase was prominent in the lipid droplets of the fat body cells and in similar droplets in the haemocytes.When the larvae or their tissues, prior to incubation with the substrates, were treated with any one of the three organophosphorus insecticides coumaphos (Co-Ral), trichlorfon (Neguvon, Dipterex), or Ruelene, the cholinesterase was inhibited and so was much of the aliesterase, but not the aromesterase or lipase. Fixation of the larval tissues in formalin did not result in loss of enzyme activity, but on the other hand was not necessary for good histochemical demonstration of the enzymes.It is concluded that these insecticides by their anticholinesterase action kill the first-instar cattle grubs before the latter can migrate to the lumbar region of the bovine host.

Coordination of locomotor and cardiorespiratory networks of Lymnaea stagnalis by a pair of identified interneurones

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Syed ◽  
W. Winlow
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Selective Ablation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Bilateral Pair ◽  
Left And Right

1. The morphology and electrophysiology of a newly identified bilateral pair of interneurones in the central nervous system of the pulmonate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is described. 2. These interneurones, identified as left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), are electrically coupled to each other as well as to a large number of foot and body wall motoneurones, forming a fast-acting neural network which coordinates the activities of foot and body wall muscles. 3. The left and right sides of the body wall of Lymnaea are innervated by left and right cerebral A cluster neurones. Although these motoneurones have only ipsilateral projections, they are indirectly electrically coupled to their contralateral homologues via their connections with L/RPeD11. Similarly, the activities of left and right pedal G cluster neurones, which are known to be involved in locomotion, are also coordinated by L/RPeD11. 4. Selective ablation of both neurones PeD11 results in the loss of coordination between the bilateral cerebral A clusters. 5. Interneurones L/RPeD11 are multifunctional. In addition to coordinating motoneuronal activity, they make chemical excitatory connections with heart motoneurones. They also synapse upon respiratory motoneurones, hyperpolarizing those involved in pneumostome opening (expiration) and depolarizing those involved in pneumostome closure (inspiration). 6. An identified respiratory interneurone involved in pneumostome closure (visceral dorsal 4) inhibits L/RPeD11 together with all their electrically coupled follower cells. 7. Both L/RPeD11 have strong excitatory effects on another pair of electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 and right parietal dorsal 2, which have previously been shown to be sensitive to changes in the partial pressure of environmental oxygen (PO2). 8. Although L/RPeD11 participate in whole-body withdrawal responses, electrical stimulation applied directly to these neurones was not sufficient to induce this behaviour.

INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE CATTLE GRUB HYPODERMA BOVIS (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AFTER TREATMENT OF THE HOST CATTLE WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Hypoderma Bovis ◽  
Histochemical Evidence ◽  
Acetylthiocholine Iodide ◽  
Central Nervous Systems

AbstractCattle grubs, first-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.), were removed from nine slaughtered heifers. Two of these heifers had previously been treated with coumaphos, three with Ruelene, and two with trichlorfon. The remaining two heifers were not treated with insecticides and served as sources of control grubs. The grubs, after removal from the hosts and fixation in formalin, were incubated with one of the two cholinesterase substrates, acetylthiocholine iodide or 5-bromoindoxyl acetate. Cholinesterase was completely inhibited in the central nervous systems of the grubs whose hosts were treated with Ruelene. This inhibition was also virtually complete in grubs from heifers treated with trichlorfon and was usually complete in those from the heifers treated with coumaphos. This is presented as histochemical evidence that the three systemic insecticides inhibit the cholinergic enzymes in the grubs, thus causing them to die while still in the body of the host.

scholarly journals The Movements of the Proboscis in Glycera Dibranchiata Ehlers

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301
Author(s):  
G. P. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Glycera Dibranchiata ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Conduction

1. The gut of Glycera consists of (a) the buccal tube, (b) the pharynx, containing the jaws with their associated muscles and glands and the principal stomatogastric ganglia, (c) the oesophagus, leading from the pharynx to (d) the intestine, in which digestion occurs. 2. An "isolated extrovert" preparation is described, consisting of the buccal tube, pharynx and oesophagus. The movements of the buccal tube and oesophagus are recorded separately. The preparation has the following properties: (a) The buccal tube shows vigorous, rapid contractions with a somewhat irregular rhythm. These contractions are due to impulses coming forwards from the pharynx, the buccal tube itself having little power of spontaneous movement. (b) The oesophagus shows tone-waves, on which more rapid contractions of small amplitude may be superposed. These contractions and tone-waves are due to impulses originating in the wall of the oesophagus itself. (c) In a few preparations only, synchronous movements of buccal tube and oesophagus were seen. The site of origin of this synchronous activity was not determined. 3. An "extrovert-body wall" preparation is described, in which the movements of the body wall and buccal tube are separately recorded while the normal nervous conduction paths between them remain intact. The preparation has the following properties: (a) In most cases the body wall shows slight movements only, and the buccal tube moves little or not at all. If, however, the buccal tube be cut across close to the mouth, it begins an irregular rhythm of vigorous contractions, due to impulses originating in the pharynx, which usually continues without diminution for hours. The quiescence of the buccal tube before this cut is made indicates that the central nervous system normally exerts an inhibitory influence on the pharynx. (b) In a few preparations, correlated outbursts of contraction in the body wall and buccal tube were seen. These outbursts, which possibly correspond to extrusion movements of the intact worm, are due to impulses originating in the central nervous system. 4. The results are compared with those previously obtained on Arenicola marina, and reported in an earlier paper.

Pharmacological Induction of Plasticization in the Abdominal Cuticle of Rhodnius

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
STUART E. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are found to cause plasticization of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. This plasticization is a direct action of 5-HT on some element in the body wall; the central nervous system is not required. It is probable that 5-HT acts directly at a receptor on the epidermal cells. The relationship between structure and plasticizing activity for a number of 5-HT analogues has been investigated. The receptor resembles other ‘classical’ 5-HT receptors in its requirements, but is unlike the 5-HT/diuretic hormone receptor of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules.

The nervous systems of Tylodelphys metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the catfish Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae) in freshwater habitats of Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Author(s):  
F.D. Chibwana ◽  
G. Nkwengulila
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Acetylthiocholine Iodide ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractThe nervous systems of three Tylodelphys metacercariae (T. mashonense, Tylodelphys spp. 1 and 2) co-occurring in the cranial cavity of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were examined by the activity of acetylthiocholine iodide (AcThI), with the aim of better understanding the arrangement of sensillae on the body surface and the nerve trunks and commissures, for taxonomic purposes. Enzyme cytochemistry demonstrated a comparable orthogonal arrangement in the three metacercariae: the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of a pair of cerebral ganglia, from which anterior and posterior neuronal pathways arise and inter-link by cross-connectives and commissures. However, the number of transverse nerves was significantly different in the three diplostomid metacercariae: Tylodelphys sp. 1 (30), Tylodelphys sp. 2 (21) and T. mashonense (15). The observed difference in the nervous system of the three metacercariae clearly separates them into three species. These findings suggest that consistent differences in the transverse nerves of digenean metacercariae could enable the differentiation of metacercariae to the species level in the absence of molecular techniques. This, however, might require further testing on a larger number of species of digenean metacercariae.

Cephalic sense organs and body pores of Xiphinema americanum (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1439-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Wright ◽  
R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sheath Cell ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Microtubule Organizing Center ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organizing Center ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Internal Sense

The fine structure of the cephalic sense organs and body pores of the plant parasitic nematode Xiphinema americanum is described by transmission electron microscopy. All of the six inner labial, six outer labial, and four cephalic sense organs as well as the amphids have characteristics indicating chemosensitivity, but there are no clearly identifiable mechanosensitive units. Two pairs of simple internal sense organs, not associated with cuticle, also occur. Sensory dendrites all bear cilium-derived dendritic processes that contain axonemal doublets of microtubules. These doublets show radial and circumferential linkages characteristic of the ciliary necklace region of a cilium, although only an amorphous microtubule organizing center occurs in the usual place of a basal body.Both socket cell and sheath cell processes are associated with the cuticular sense organs. The cell body of the amphidial sheath cell is located well anterior to the central nervous system, before the level of the buccal dilator muscles.Body pores are associated with sensory units characteristic of chemosensitive organs. Hypodermal cells serve as their socket cells, whereas a separate sheath cell occurs in the body wall close to each pore.

Activation of the secretion of specific proteins from fat body following injury to the body wall of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Takahashi ◽  
Hiroto Komano ◽  
Nobuaki Kawaguchi ◽  
Masuo Obinata ◽  
Shunji Natori
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Proteins

scholarly journals The visceral nervous system of the earthworm: I. Nerves controlling the tone of the alimentary canal

1943 ◽  
Vol 131 (864) ◽  
pp. 271-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
Pharyngeal Plexus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The alimentary canal of Lumbricus exhibits autonomous rhythmic movements, probably co-ordinated by nerve elements situated in its walls. The gut is subject to indirect control by extrinsic nerves which fall into two groups mutually antagonistic in their effects. Nerves which augment the tone of the gut muscles leave the central nervous system by the middle and posterior nerves of each segment and join nerve elements (apparently arranged as a plexus) situated in the peritoneum of the body wall, from which nerves pass to enter the gut by the ventro-lateral regions of each septum. Nerves which diminish the tone of the gut leave the central nervous system by the anterior, middle and posterior nerves of each segment and join nerve elements (also probably in the form of a plexus) situated in the muscular layer of the body wall, from which nerves arise to enter the gut via the dorso-lateral region of each septum. The alimentary canal receives another nerve supply from the peripharyngeal commissures of the central nervous system by means of a number of fine plexiform nerves partially embedded in the pharyngeal musculature of either side (pharyngeal plexus). The anatomical relationships of these nerves are described. The pharyngeal plexuses are shown to embody nerve elements which exert an indirect control over the gut, stimulation of these resulting in a fall in tone of all regions of the gut behind the pharynx. The nerve supply of the gut is compared with that which is known in other annelids, and the mechanism of indirect control is compared with that existing in vertebrates.

Induction d'une queue et de parapodes surnuméraires par déviation de l'intestin chez les Nereidae (Annélides Polychètes)

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-343
Author(s):  
Par B. Boilly
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Tissues

Supernumerary tail and parapodia induction by deviation of the intestine in nereids (Annelida: Polychaeta) Localized ablation of the intestine has been performed on normal and grafted specimens of the two polychaetes Nereis pelagica L. and Perinereis cultrifera G. with the following results: (1) In the absence of the intestine, segments are not regenerated but parapodia grow on the plane of section. (2) A segmented tail arises where the intestine is deviated; the regenerate we obtain in this case is of the ‘aneurogenic’ type and without anal cirri and parapodia. (3) These results suggest that caudal regeneration results from the association of different tissues (intestine and the body wall) whereas the nerve cord exerts an influence upon the organization of the regenerate. Likewise the caudal regeneration of parapodia is the consequence of the juxtaposition of a dorsal and a ventral body wall in the presence of the central nervous system.

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