Effects of Water Levels on the Overwintering Survival and Emergence of the Larch Sawfly in a Bog Habitat

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives ◽  
L. D. Nairn
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Overwintering Survival

AbstractThe effects of fluctuating water tables on the survival of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), were studied by burying cocoons at different depths in a tamarack bog. Most larvae in cocoons flooded during August or September died before winter. The percentage of overwintering survival of unflooded cocoons remained constant from late fall until development began in the spring. The higher the cocoons were above the maximum water table during August and September, the greater was the percentage of overwintering survival and subsequent adult emergence.

LARCH SAWFLY SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO WATER LEVELS AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY IN TAMARACK BOGS

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-385
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Excess Moisture

AbstractThe microtopography of a small area of tamarack bog was examined in detail and related to the distribution of cocoons of the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). The relief of the ground surface under tree crowns was very similar to the surface not under crowns, although the whole profile was slightly higher. Cocoons were found down to the limnic peat, corresponding to the level of the lowest depressions, with the greatest numbers per unit area in the hummocks.The microtopographies in six tamarack bogs were sampled systematically and related to water levels, and an expression combining these two factors was related to larch sawfly survival. The microtopography in each bog did not change appreciably over a period of several years, but differences between bogs were pronounced and had a marked influence on the degree of flooding caused by equal changes in water tables. Excessive moisture during the period 1955–1966 was the prevalent condition in most of the bogs and extreme drought occurred only in 1961. There appeared to be a linear relationship between sawfly survival and an expression rating the favorableness of the cocoon environment in relation to excess moisture, but four divergent observations occurred among the data for 32 plot-years. It was postulated that these divergences were due to high mortality caused by a factor other than excess moisture.

scholarly journals Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-477
Author(s):  
DWI ASTIANI ◽  
BURHANUDDIN BURHANUDDIN ◽  
EVI GUSMAYANTI ◽  
TRI WIDIASTUTI ◽  
MUHAMMAD J. TAHERZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Water Tables

Astiani D, Burhanuddin, Gusmayanti E, Widiastuti T, Taherzadeh MJ. 2018. Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration. Biodiversitas 19: 472-477. The major drivers of deforestation in West Kalimantan have been the development for large or small-scale expansion of agricultural activities; the establishment of oil palm and other plantations; fire; and degradation of forests particularly from industrial logging. Our previous research findings have shown that such activities in affected peatland areas have lowered the water table levels (down to 0.5-1.0 m depths), and have significantly increased CO2 emissions from the peat soils. It has been demonstrated that unmanaged, lowered water tables in peatlands act as one of the main factors inflating soil carbon emissions - an issue that has assumed global significance in recent decades. Regulating peatland water tables has the potential to mitigate degraded peatland carbon emissions as well as improve the hydrological functions for communities who farm the peatlands. However, we are still uncertain exactly how much impact controlled raising of the peatlands water tables will have on reducing soil CO2 emissions. The research described here aimed to mitigate CO2 emissions by raising and regulating water levels on drained peatland to restore and enhance its hydrological functions. The results confirmed that raising the water table significantly decreases CO2 emissions and improves water availability and management for crop production in the coastal peatland of Kubu Raya district, West Kalimantan. Water levels previously at 60cm below the soil surface were regulated to raise the watertable up to just 30 cm below the surface and this reduced peatland carbon emissions by about 49%. However, longer-term monitoring is required to ensure that the hydrological benefits and CO2 mitigation can be sustained.

scholarly journals Analyzing Trends in Water Table Elevations at the Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, U.S.A.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Anna Stockstad ◽  
Ella Gray ◽  
Stephen Sebestyen ◽  
Nina Lany ◽  
Randall Kolka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Water Table Fluctuations ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Over Time

Water table fluctuations in peatlands are closely coupled with the local climate setting and drive critical ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. In Minnesota, USA, peatlands cover ten percent of the surface area, approximately 2.5 million hectares, some of which are actively managed for forest products. To explore the relationship between peatland water tables and precipitation, long-term data (1961 to 2019) were used from the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota. Starting in 1961, water table data from seven peatlands, including two types of peatlands (bogs and fens), were measured. We used the Theil-Sen estimator to test for monotonic trends in mean monthly water table elevations for individual peatlands and monthly precipitation. Water levels in bogs were both more variable and had mean water table elevations that were closer to the surface. Individual trends of water table elevations differed among peatlands. Water table elevations increased over time in three of the bogs studied and decreased over time in two of the bogs studied. Trends within fens were notably nonlinear across time. No significant linear trend was found for mean monthly precipitation between 1961 and 2019. These results highlight differences in peatlands types, local physiography, and the importance of understanding how changes in long-term dynamics coupled with changing current conditions will influence the effects of water table fluctuations on ecosystem services. The variability of water table elevations in bogs poses potential difficulties in modeling these ecosystems or creating adaptive management plans. KEYWORDS: Peatlands; Hydrology; Water tables; Bogs; Fens; Monitoring; Minnesota; Climate Change

Growth of subterranean clover when subirrigated from water tables at different depths

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Stewart ◽  
AK Turner ◽  
JH Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Active Root

Subterranean clover plants were grown in a glasshouse with sub-irrigation from water tables maintained at depths of 0.30 m, 0.60 m, and 0.90 m. The depth of water table had little effect on the weights of the above-ground parts; there was a non-significant trend towards greater weights with deeper water tables. However, there were striking effects of treatment on root growth. Active root extension occurred while soil moisture content of the soil was between about 25 and 15%. With the deeper water tables, the zones of active root growth moved downwards as the soils dried out, i.e. out of the zones where, through increasing plant intake of water, demand exceeded supply from the water table. By the third harvest (about flowering time of the clover plants) the greatest root density with all treatments was between 0.20 m and 0.30 m above the water table. For the soil type used, this was apparently the height above the water table at which plant intake and upward movement of water from the water table were in equilibrium.

A Trap for Insects Emerging from the Soil

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 455-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Turnock
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Require Information

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), overwinters in a cocoon in the ground and has an adult emergence period that may last two months. Ecological studies of this insect require information on the number of adults emerging and the seasonal pattern of emergence. Several types of open-bottomed screen emergence cages without traps were tested but the insects caught in such cages were difficult to remove. Also, many of the adults were lost in the vegetation unless the cages were visited more frequently than was practicable. The trap described here, attached to a screen cage, eliminates the objections given above and could be of use to persons interested in insects which emerge from the soil.

Water tables and soil colour as an indicator of saturation in some soils of the Waikato, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
General Indicator

Seasonal fluctuation in water tables in some alluvial soils in the Waikato was determined to establish time, depth and duration of saturation. Duration of saturation could then be related to soil colour to test whether colour could be used as an indicator of saturated conditions in these soils. The results confirmed that there were different watertable regimes between soil series and that there could be different depths and durations of water-table within a series. In the soils studied, colour can be used as a general indicator of whether or not saturated conditions have occurred. However, soil colour did not give any indication as to the time of year or continuous duration of a water table, or whether or not soil wetness had changed as a result of improved drainage. The results of this study highlight the dynamic water-table relationships between and within Waikato soils. For detailed land-use interpretations based on depth to a water table it is advisable to take watertable measurements at the site itself rather than to rely on assessments based on soil colour. When measurement is not practical, the worst conditions indicated by soil colour should be used for interpretations and planning soil management.

DIFFERENCES IN POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1307-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Heron
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
C 50 ◽  
The Times ◽  
Prolonged Diapause

AbstractDistinct differences were observed in postdiapause development and prolonged diapause of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), obtained from the vicinity of Tazin River, Northwest Territories; near Riverton, Manitoba; and near Renovo, Pennsylvania. All populations had been reared under controlled laboratory conditions (21°±0.5 °C, 50±10% relative humidity, and a 15-hr daily photophase) for two or more generations.After 280 days cold treatment at 3°±1 °C, cocoons were dissected and the number of pronymphs and eonymphs was determined. Insects from each population were then reared at 5°, 10°, and 15 °C. Times to adult emergence, duration of individual stages, and numbers remaining in prolonged diapause at each temperature were determined.The most significant differences occurred among populations reared at 5 °C. At this temperature, the times to adult emergence and the duration of individual stages of development and the proportions remaining in prolonged diapause or arrested development, increased from northern to southern latitudes. Less significant population differences were noted at 10° and 15° than at 5 °C.

Forecasting the fl ood situation using space images in the city of Tavda Sverdlovsk region

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
A.S. Bruskova ◽  
T.I. Levitskaya ◽  
D.M. Haydukova
Keyword(s):  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Geoinformation System ◽  
Space Images ◽  
Geoinformation Systems ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
The City

Flooding is a dangerous phenomenon, causing emergency situations and causing material damage, capable of damaging health, and even death of people. To reduce the risk and economic damage from flooding, it is necessary to forecast flooding areas. An effective method of forecasting emergency situations due to flooding is the method of remote sensing of the Earth with integration into geoinformation systems. With the help of satellite imagery, a model of flooding was determined based on the example of Tavda, the Sverdlovsk Region. Space images are loaded into the geoinformation system and on their basis a series of thematic layers is created, which contains information about the zones of possible flooding at given water level marks. The determination of the area of flooding is based on the calculation of the availability of maximum water levels at hydrological stations. According to the calculated security data, for each hydrological post, flood zones are constructed by interpolation between pre-calculated flood zones of standard security. The results of the work can be used by the Main Directorate of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of Russia for the Sverdlovsk Region.

Modelling response of infiltration loss toward water table depth using RBFN, RNN, ANFIS techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Sandeep Samantaray ◽  
Abinash Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Inference System

Accurate prediction of water table depth over long-term in arid agricultural areas are very much important for maintaining environmental sustainability. Because of intricate and diverse hydrogeological features, boundary conditions, and human activities researchers face enormous difficulties for predicting water table depth. A virtual study on forecast of water table depth using various neural networks is employed in this paper. Hybrid neural network approach like Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFN) is employed here to appraisal water levels as a function of average temperature, precipitation, humidity, evapotranspiration and infiltration loss data. Coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (RMSE), and Mean square error (MSE) are used to evaluate performance of model development. While ANFIS algorithm is used, Gbell function gives best value of performance for model development. Whole outcomes establish that, ANFIS accomplishes finest as related to RNN and RBFN for predicting water table depth in watershed.

THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. MILLER ◽  
D. F. ACTON ◽  
R. J. ST. ARNAUD
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Depth To Water Table ◽  
Water Tables

The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil

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