Amino Acid Requirements for the Wheat Stem Sawfly Determined with Glucose-U-C14 after Vacuum-infiltration

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Vacuum Infiltration ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Radioactive Substrate

AbstractGlucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.

Amino acid activity in the Nelson–Somogyi glucose assay

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1479-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya ◽  
David W. Konesky
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Manganese Ions ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Glucose Assay ◽  
Color Development

The Nelson–Somogyi assay has been widely used to measure reducing sugars in plant research. We found that the L-amino acids cysteine, cystine, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine (at 0.1 to 1 mM) react in the Nelson–Somogyi glucose assay, yielding high absorbance values. Alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydoxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and valine showed little or no effect on color development. Manganese ions strongly inhibited color development in the presence of glucose, serine, cystine, and tryptophan. Investigators measuring glucose in biological materials using this assay must consider the activity of amino acids and (or) the effect of manganese ions in the reaction mixture when interpreting their results. Key words: Nelson–Somogyi assay, sugar analysis, glucose assay, reducing sugar assay.

scholarly journals THE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL (STRAIN HELA) IN TISSUE CULTURE

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Eagle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Human Carcinoma ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Individual

The amino acid requirements of a human uterine carcinoma cell (HeLa strain) have been defined. The 12 compounds previously found to be essential for the growth of a mouse fibroblast proved similarly essential for this human epithelial cell. They included arginine, cyst(e)ine, histidine, and tyrosine, in addition to the eight amino acids required for nitrogen balance in man (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Only the L-amino acids were active; the D-enantiomorphs had no demonstrable effect at physiologic concentrations. The minimum concentrations required for survival and limited growth varied from 0.003 µM per ml. for L-tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for L-lysine. The concentrations permitting optimum growth similarly varied from 0.01 µM per ml. for tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and valine. The latter optimum concentrations of the individual amino acids were closely correlated with their serum levels. With at least six of the amino acids, high concentrations, in the range 1 to 10 µM per ml., caused a definite growth inhibition. In the absence of a single essential amino acid, degenerative changes occurred in the cells, culminating in their death and dissolution. In the early stages, however, these degenerative changes could be reversed by the restoration of the missing component.

scholarly journals THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF RABBIT FIBROBLASTS, STRAIN RM3-56

1957 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Haff ◽  
H. E. Swim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dialyzed Serum

Strain RM3-56 of rabbit fibroblasts was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a medium containing 2 per cent dialyzed serum as the only undefined component. The requirement for serine is less specific than that of the other 13 amino acids and it is partially replaced by glycine, or alanine, or by several combinations of so called accessory amino acids. The concentrations of essential amino acids which permit maximal proliferation range from 0.005 to 0.3 mM. Cystine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine are toxic at concentrations of 5 mM. The rate of proliferation of RM3-56 in a medium containing all 14 essential amino acids is increased significantly by the addition of alanine and to a lesser extent by the addition of aspartic and glutamic acids and glycine. A deficiency of cystine or glutamine results in cellular degeneration within 3 to 5 days, whereas the cells remain in good condition for 2 to 3 weeks in the absence of each of the remaining 12 essential amino acids. The results obtained with RM3-56 are compared with strains HeLa, L, and U12, whose amino acid requirements have been investigated under similar conditions.

SUBSTITUTION OF CHOLINE BY RELATED COMPOUNDS AND FURTHER STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN NUTRITION OF PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Hodgson ◽  
Vernon H. Cheldelin ◽  
R. W. Newburgh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Related Compounds

Phormia regina grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions has been shown to have a specific dietary requirement for choline. The present work shows that carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol can completely replace this in the diet whereas betaine is ineffective in this respect. Deletion of single amino acids from a mixture of 18 adequate for growth has previously shown the following 10 amino acids to be essential: arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, proline, and isoleucine. The present work: shows by the inability of the organism to grow on these essential amino acids that this method is not adequate to detect amino acid combinations for which alternate requirements exist. By the deletion of groups of two or more amino acids it has been shown that P. regina has a dietary requirement for either methionine or cystine and for either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Growth on the 10 essential amino acids is stimulated by yeast extract. This is apparently not due to a simple replacement of missing amino acids, since the addition of yeast creates an increased requirement for thiamine.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY UREA LEVEL ON AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. SALEM ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The effects of a semipurified diet containing 0 (0% urea-N diet), 50 (39% urea-N diet), or 100% (76% urea-N diet) of added dietary nitrogen (N) as urea on the amino acid concentrations in ruminant tissues was investigated. Three rumen-fistulated bull calves averaging 240 kg were used in a latin square design. The calves were fed using a continuous feeder to provide 7 kg of feed daily. Each experimental period of the latin square was 40 days divided into four 10-day intervals. Liver samples were obtained on the 9th day of each 10-day interval and rumen epithelium and rumen microorganisms were obtained on the 10th day of each 10-day interval. Blood samples were collected on the 6th, 8th, and 10th day of each 10-day interval for the determination of plasma amino acid patterns as well as the amino acid concentrations in the tissues. Plasma amino acid patterns indicated that when the 76% urea-N diet was fed the levels of aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline were increased. Most of the essential amino acids were decreased on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 0% urea-N diet. All amino acids of rumen microorganisms were increased on the 39% urea-N diet with the exception of arginine, lysine, and threonine, which decreased slightly or did not show any change. Most amino acids were lower on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 39% or 0% urea-N diets. All essential amino acids measured in the liver were reduced on the 76% urea-N diet. Cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, and valine were also reduced on the 39% urea-N diet. In rumen epithelium, there was a reduction of the essential amino acids and an increase of the nonessential amino acids on the 76% urea-N diet.

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Requirements of Some Members of the Viridans Group of Streptococci

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean I Paul
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Active Factor ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The amino acid. requirements of certain members of the viridans group of streptococci have been investigated. These requirements have not been found to be uniform among strains of StreptoooccUB bovis. Rumen strains of Strep. bows require, in addition to 20 amino acids, rumen liquor or an extract of rumen liquor or certain other organic complexes. The chemical nature of the active factor suggests a peptide . . The essential amino acids for the faecal strains of Strep. boviB were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, valine, asparagine, and histidine.

Free amino acid and amine concentrations in liver: effects of hydrocortisone and fasting

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Kaplan ◽  
C. S. Nagareda Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Free Fraction ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Total Pool

Concentrations of the following Ninhydrin-reacting substances (NRS) were determined in the unhydrolyzed protein-free fraction of mouse liver by column chromatography: phosphoethanolamine, taurine, urea, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ß-alanine, ß-aminoisobutyric acid, α-aminobutyric acid, ornithine, ethanolamine, lysine, histidine, and arginine. The NRS present in highest concentration was taurine. Adrenalectomy, fasting for 24 hr, and cortisol administration had little effect on the sum of NRS or individual amino acids. Administration of cortisol did, however, decrease the concentration of amino acids in fasted adrenalectomized animals but increased their concentration in nonfasted adrenalectomized animals. Since the concentration of amino acids was lowered or raised under circumstances known to increase protein synthesis, it is concluded that increased protein synthesis promoted by cortisol is independent of the total pool of amino acids in liver.

AMINO ACID FORMATION FROM GLUCOSE IN THE ISOLATED ADRENOCORTICAL AND THYROID TISSUE OF THE RABBIT

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Hammar ◽  
Bo Hellman ◽  
Stig Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Quantitative paper-radiochromatography was used for measuring the amino acid formation from uniformly labelled 14C-glucose in slices from the isolated adrenal cortex and the thyroid. In both these organs glucose was utilized in the synthesis of the following amino acids: alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, proline, glycine and isoleucine/leucine. Distinct differences were noted in the rate of formation of the individual amino acids; the value for alanine being no less than 5 times higher in the thyroid than in the adrenocortical tissue. While TSH had no effect on the conversion of glucose in the thyroid, there was a tendency for a lower amino acid (glutamine) formation, when the adrenal cortex was incubated with ACTH.

THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 861-868
Author(s):  
H. E. Swim ◽  
R. F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.

THE UTILIZATION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE-15N BY UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1511-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
E. W. Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Carbon 14

When uredospores of wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis van tritici (race 15B), were incubated with a 3 mM solution of ammonium chloride-15N, a significant amount of nitrogen 15 was converted into organic nitrogen. Most of this organic nitrogen 15 was found in the ethanol and water extracts, with lesser amounts in the buffer and in extracted spores.Amino acids extracted from the spores all contained excess nitrogen 15. Nitrogen 15 from the inorganic source was diluted by factors of 1.7 and 2.7 in free aspartic and glutamic acids respectively; these amino acids were the most heavily labeled with the isotope. Proline was the most weakly labeled amino acid, the nitrogen 15 being diluted by a factor of 102. Good incorporation of nitrogen 15 into glutamic acid compared to simultaneous poor incorporation into the biochemically related amino acid, proline, parallels previous observations made during carbon 14 experiments with rust uredospores.Fourteen "bound" amino acids were isolated after acid hydrolysis of extracted spores. All contained nitrogen 15, the dilution of the added ammonia nitrogen ranging from 96 for glutamic acid to 7660 for proline.The results are taken as evidence that uredospores of wheat stem rust can incorporate ammonium nitrogen into free amino acids and into proteins.

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