The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIII. Effects of Perthane on Predators

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Apple Pests

In Nova Scotia, a spray program that integrates chemical and natural control of apple pests has been evolved which is both economical and satisfactory. Among the natural enemies of injurious arthropods that have been favoured by this program are a number of general predators. Further investigation of the ecological principles on which integration is based requires a more intensive knowledge of the factors that influence the densities of these predators. Because of the difficulties of investigating these factors in the orchard, methods of simplifying the predator-prey systems have been sought (Lord, 1956, 1962). These attempts assessed the effects of low dosages of DDT on the interrelationships of phytophagous mites and their natural enemies.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VI. Low Temperatures and the Natural Control of the Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) (Homoptera: Coccidae)

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 282-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord ◽  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Ecological Principles

Some of the results of an attempt to apply ecological principles in the solution of apple insect control problems in Nova Scotia have been given in previous papers by Pickett et al. (1946), Lord (1947, 1949), Pickett (1952), and MacPhee (1952). Briefly, these studies aim at an understanding of the changes in the interrelations of the species in an orcl-lard when spray materials are added to the environment. The emphasis to date has heen placed on the effects of spray chemicals on the populations of entomophagous species. The results of this work have already had a marked effect on orchard insect control practices in Nova Scotia.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Predacious Species

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VII. Effects on Some Beneficial Arthropods

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Arthropod Pests

The toxicities of a large number of spray chemicals to arthropod pests are well known. In most instances, observations on the effects of such materials on natural enemies have beeen incidental to other studies, and little has been published on experiments designed to determine the direct toxicities of the chemicals to beneficial species. The effects of spray chemicals on the predators and parasites of the major pests of apple trees in Nova Scotia have been investigated as part of a broader project on the factors that influence population densities of orchard arthropods, as outlined by Pickett et al. (31).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural Enemies of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stultz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Orchard Pests

The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), has a long history as a pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, serious damage by it being reported as early as 1891 (Fletcher, 1892). Its status has fluctuated considerably, the most notable outbreak reaching its peak in 1927. This outbreak occurred when dusts were being used for the control of orchard pests, and (Kelsall 1932) was one of the two main reasons for abandoning the general use of dusts after 1927. The bud moth declined rapidly after 1927 and by 1931 was rated a minor pest (Gilliatt, 1932a). After flutuating at relatively low levels for seven years, it increased in importance and by 1942 was again a major pest. From 1942 to 1952, there was little change in its general status although large fluctuations in population were observed in orchards in which certain insecticides had been used (Stultz, 1950). During 1953, there was a marked decline in the average population level although reductions did not occur in all orchards.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. V. The Predacious Thrips Haplothrips faurei Hood

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mite Eggs

Lord (1949) listed the predators of the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch.), in Nova Scotia and described the effects of a number of chemicals on them. Among the more important predators is the thrips Haplothrips faurei Hood. This thrips, however, does not confine its feeding to European red mite eggs but readily attacks the eggs of many other mites and insects. There is strong evidence that it is one of the most important biotic factors in the natural control of insect and mite pests in Nova Scotia apple orchards. It and another species, Leptothrips mali (Fitch), are the only thrips of economic significance, and H. faurei, because of its greater numbers, is the more important. A description of the life-history of L. mali was given by Bailey (1940), who also (1939) studied the biology of another thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Perg.), which is of minor importance in Nova Scotia. The only other predacious thrips found is a species bclieved to be Zygothrips minutus Uzel, which occurs only rarely and in small numbers. Haplothrips subtilissimus Hal. (later identified as H. faurei), was found by Putman (1942) in Ontario to be predacious on phytophagons mites and the eggs of oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta Busck.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XV. Chemical Controls for Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and Their Effects on Phytophagous Mite and Predator Populations

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Lead Arsenate ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Low Dosage

AbstractIn the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.

scholarly journals Beyond polyphagy and opportunism: natural prey of hunting spiders in the canopy of apple trees

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9334
Author(s):  
László Mezőfi ◽  
Gábor Markó ◽  
Csaba Nagy ◽  
Dávid Korányi ◽  
Viktor Markó
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Natural Prey ◽  
Prey Composition ◽  
Hunting Spider ◽  
Apple Pests

Spiders (Araneae) form abundant and diverse assemblages in agroecosystems such as fruit orchards, and thus might have an important role as natural enemies of orchard pests. Although spiders are polyphagous and opportunistic predators in general, limited information exists on their natural prey at both species and community levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the natural prey (realized trophic niche) of arboreal hunting spiders, their role in trophic webs and their biological control potential with direct observation of predation events in apple orchards. Hunting spiders with prey in their chelicerae were collected in the canopy of apple trees in organic apple orchards in Hungary during the growing seasons between 2013 and 2019 and both spiders and their prey were identified and measured. Among others, the composition of the actual (captured by spiders) and the potential (available in the canopy) prey was compared, trophic niche and food web metrics were calculated, and some morphological, dimensional data of the spider-prey pairs were analyzed. Species-specific differences in prey composition or pest control ability were also discussed. By analyzing a total of 878 prey items captured by spiders, we concluded that arboreal hunting spiders forage selectively and consume a large number of apple pests; however, spiders’ beneficial effects are greatly reduced by their high levels of intraguild predation and by a propensity to switch from pests to alternative prey. In this study, arboreal hunting spiders showed negative selectivity for pests, no selectivity for natural enemies and positive selectivity for neutral species. In the trophic web, the dominant hunting spider taxa/groups (Carrhotus xanthogramma, Philodromus cespitum, Clubiona spp., Ebrechtella tricuspidata, Xysticus spp. and ‘Other salticids’) exhibit different levels of predation on different prey groups and the trophic web’s structure changes depending on the time of year. Hunting spiders show a high functional redundancy in their predation, but contrary to their polyphagous nature, the examined spider taxa showed differences in their natural diet, exhibited a certain degree of prey specialization and selected prey by size and taxonomic identity. Guilds (such as stalkers, ambushers and foliage runners) did not consistently predict either prey composition or predation selectivity of arboreal hunting spider species. From the economic standpoint, Ph. cespitum and Clubiona spp. were found to be the most effective natural enemies of apple pests, especially of aphids. Finally, the trophic niche width of C. xanthogramma and Ph. cespitum increased during ontogeny, resulting in a shift in their predation. These results demonstrate how specific generalist predators can differ from each other in aspects of their predation ecology even within a relatively narrow taxonomic group.

SOME PREDATORS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PARATETRANYCHUS PILOSUS C. & F., IN NOVA SCOTIA

1935 ◽  
Vol 13d (2) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Gilliatt
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci

Predators are the most important natural enemies of the European red mite. Notes are given on the life history and habits of the following predaceous enemies of this mite, Seiulus pomi Parrott; Diaphnidia pellucida Uhl.; Diaphnidia capitata Van D.; Hyaliodes vitripennis Say; Stethorus punctum Leconte; Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl.; Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl.; Anystis agilis Banks; Campylomma verbasci Mey., and an unidentified species of Syrphidae.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Flower and Grass Strips for Augmentation of Beneficial Arthropods in Apple Orchards

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoke Dong ◽  
Mengjing Xia ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Baofeng Mu ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Arthropod Predators

Sowing plants that provide food resources in orchards is a potential habitat management practice for enhancing biological control. Flowering plants (providing pollen and nectar) and grasses (providing alternative prey) can benefit natural enemies in orchards; however, little is known about their relative importance. We studied the effect of management practices (flower strips, grass strips, and spontaneous grass) on arthropod predators under organic apple management regimes in apple orchards in Beijing, China. Orchards located at two different sites were assessed for 3 years (2017–2019). The cover crops had a significant impact on the abundance and diversity of arthropod predators. The grass treatment consistently supported significantly greater densities of alternative prey resources for predators, and predators were more abundant in the grass than in the other treatments. The Shannon–Wiener diversity was significantly higher for the cover crop treatment than for the control. Community structure was somewhat similar between the grass and control, but it differed between the flower treatment and grass/control. Weak evidence for an increase in mobile predators (ladybirds and lacewings) in the orchard canopy was found. Ladybirds and lacewings were more abundant in the grass treatment than in the other treatments in 2019 only, while the aphid abundance in the grass treatment was lowest. The fact that grass strips promoted higher predator abundance and stronger aphid suppression in comparison to the flower strips suggests that providing alternative prey for predators has great biocontrol service potential. The selection of cover crops and necessary management for conserving natural enemies in orchards are discussed in this paper.

Crowdsourced online images provide insights into predator-prey interactions of putative natural enemies

Food Webs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. e00126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Hernandez ◽  
Paul Masonick ◽  
Christiane Weirauch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Predator Prey
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