The Relation of Weather to Population Trends of the Black-headed Budworm Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Silver
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Canal Area ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

The history of the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), in the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forests of coastal British Columbia is one of recurring cycles of outbreaks. The latest cycle occurred from 1952 to 1957 and was represented by three main outbreaks in the Portland Canal area from Prince Rupert to Stewart, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and on northern Vancouver Island. Previous to this, groups of West Coast outbreaks were recorded from 1940 to 1945, and from 1927 to 1931 (Prebble and Graham, 1945a).

scholarly journals Estimating the Number of Filled Seeds per Cone of Western Hemlock from Coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
The Face ◽  
Predetermined Level ◽  
Exponential Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Filled Seeds

Abstract Unopened western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) cones from coastal British Columbia were tested for the relationship between total filled seeds per cone and the number of sound seeds exposed by slicing through the center of the cone's long axis, and with cone length. Predictive linear relationships of total number of filled seeds per cone (TFS), based on number of filled seeds cut on the face through the cone's long axis (CC), were found in a cone sample bulked from a number of trees. The regression based on CC explained about 63% of the variation in TFS. More accurate estimates of TFS were found where cone length, and exponential factors of CC and cone length, were included in the analysis. Analyses of cones from seven parents did not find statistically significant trends of TFS on CC in all cases, and differed in slope in most cases. Sample sizes (cones) to estimate TFS to a predetermined level of precision were much larger than cones needed to accept or reject a tree for study. West. J. Appl. For. (11)2:44-49.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Temperature and Salinity of Surface Waters of the British Columbia Coast

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Pickard ◽  
D. C. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The West ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Land Drainage ◽  
Run Off

Grand monthly means of daily observations of surface sea-water temperature and salinity from twelve light stations along the British Columbia coast during the 13 years 1935 to 1948 have been analysed. In general the temperatures reach a minimum of 45°F. ± 1° (7.2 °C. ± 0.5°) in January and February. The maximum varies from 50° to 64°F. (10° to 18 °C.) in August. The warmest waters occur in bays protected from wind action, and the coldest waters occur in regions of turbulent mixing due to wind or strong currents. The salinity along the mainland coast is a minimum in early summer, associated with the maximum run-off from melting snow. Along the west coast of Vancouver Island the minimum occurs in mid-winter, associated with maximum precipitation which is not stored as snow in this region. At the southern and northern tip of the Queen Charlotte Islands there is little or no variation of salinity because there is no land drainage of consequence in the vicinity.In passes between Georgia Strait and the sea where the waters are mixed to homogeneity by strong tidal currents the annual variation of temperature and salinity is reduced, and in some cases entirely suppressed.On the west coast of Vancouver Island it is shown that the annual cycle is affected by the dominant winds and upwelling of deep ocean waters.

Effects of genetic selection for growth on frost hardiness in western hemlock

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Hannerz ◽  
Sally N Aitken ◽  
John N King ◽  
Sonya Budge
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Sib Families

Fall and spring frost hardiness was determined from electrolytic leakage of artificially frozen needle segments in 22 full-sib families of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) from British Columbia and Washington State representing different levels of genetic gain, and of four provenance materials (stand progenies from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and Oregon Cascades, and seed-orchard progenies from the northern Oregon Coast Range). Samples for freeze testing were collected in a 5-year-old trial at Jordan River on southwestern Vancouver Island. Height and date of bud flush were recorded in the field. Genetic gain among the full-sib families was not correlated with fall frost hardiness, but high-yielding families displayed a lower spring frost hardiness and an earlier bud flush than low-yielding families. Both fall and spring frost hardiness increased and height growth decreased with the latitude of provenances. The highest growth, earliest bud flush and lowest fall and spring frost hardiness was demonstrated by the Oregon provenances, while the lowest growth, latest bud flush and highest hardiness was found for the Queen Charlotte Islands provenance.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VIII. DECAY OF WESTERN HEMLOCK ON THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Foster ◽  
A. T. Foster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Understory Trees

An investigation of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, has shown that decay losses in old-growth stands are appreciable, amounting to 13.9, 8.0, and 10.7% of the gross volume of Grades 1, 2, and 3 logs respectively. Total loss, including dead trees, amounted to 25.5% of the gross volume. Twenty-seven decay-producing fungi have been isolated. The most important of these are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. pini (Thore) Lloyd, F. annosus (Fr.) Cke., and Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr. Echinodontium tinctorium E. & E. apparently does not occur in the region. Scars provided the most frequent, and roots the most important, avenue of entrance for decay. The logs of 2318 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Decay was found to increase progressively with diameter, age, and decreasing site quality. Maximum net periodic increment was reached between 350 and 400 years of age and between 35 and 40 in. in diameter. Color of bark was found to provide an added indication of tree maturity. Understory trees were found to give a substantial yield of sound wood.

Overturning resistance of western redcedar and western hemlock in mixed-species stands in coastal British Columbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Byrne ◽  
Stephen J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Specific information about the applied forces that cause trees to fail is required to validate mechanistic models of windthrow in different forest types. Static tree-pulling tests were conducted to examine the overturning resistance of western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in a mixed species second-growth stand in coastal British Columbia. Although widely used, tree-pulling techniques are not standardized. Data from three inclinometers were used to estimate stem deflection, which was found to increase with tree slenderness. Differing methods of fitting stem curvature had a small effect on estimates of self-loading at failure. The distance of the pivot point from the centre of the stem base increased with tree diameter. Accounting for the correct self-loading at failure produced a small difference in the overall turning moment regressions but did not improve the fit of these regressions. However, this difference increased with tree size and warrants consideration in future tree-pulling tests with large or plate-rooted trees. The stem mass – overturning resistance relationship had the best fit and was not significantly different for these species in spite of their differences in wood density and stem form.

Vanterpoolia, a new genus of sporodochial hyphomycetes

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Vanterpoolia, a new genus of sporodochial hyphomycetes, is erected for a fungus occurring on necrotic, newly flushed needles of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in coastal British Columbia, Canada. The genus is characterized by triradiate conidia or rodlike, appendaged conidia produced in acropetal chains from simple, septate conidiophores arising from a pseudoparenchymatous stroma. A single species, Vanterpoolia tsugae n.sp., is described.

Slow growth, long-lived trees, and minimal disturbance characterize the dynamics of an ancient, montane forest in coastal British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2826-2838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Parish ◽  
Joseph A Antos
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Level Disturbance

Elucidating the factors that structure very old forests is crucial to understanding their dynamics. We reconstructed the history of an ancient (1000-year-old) stand in the mountains of coastal British Columbia that contained four tree species (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach., Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr., and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the canopy and the seedling bank. Using dendrochronological procedures, we examined the growth patterns of all trees (>4.0 cm diameter at breast height) in four 0.25 ha mapped plots. We also sampled the seedling bank in the four plots. Age structures indicated variable but rather continuous recruitment for all species. Periods of increased amounts of release or rapid early growth occurred but were not pronounced. Overall, we found little evidence for stand-level disturbance or the formation of large gaps. All four tree species appear able to persist in the stand in the absence of major stand-level disturbance, but the mechanisms contributing to coexistence differ. One species, C. nootkatensis, depends primarily on vegetative reproduction for persistence. Single-tree gap dynamics have predominated in the stand for centuries, placing this stand at the far end of the gradient from forests controlled by large, severe disturbances to those where very small-scale processes predominate.

The phytogeography of Oxalis oregana in British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1561-1563
Author(s):  
R. T. Ogilvie ◽  
R. J. Hebda ◽  
Hans L. Roemer
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Native People ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Polystichum Munitum

The occurrence of Oxalis oregana Nutt. in British Columbia is documented for five localities on the west coast of Vancouver Island and one locality in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Oxalis populations grow in alluvial Tsuga heterophylla – Picea sitchensis – Thuja plicata – Polystichum munitum forest communities. Rhizomatous reproduction was recorded in all populations and flowering in two of the Vancouver Island populations. Three of the populations may be less than 3000 years old because they would have been inundated by higher sea levels during the middle Holocene. Possible introduction of plants by native people from the Olympic Peninsula, WA, is discussed.

Trends in wild adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) abundance for coastal regions of British Columbia support the variable marine survival hypothesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D Smith ◽  
Bruce R Ward
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Marine Survival

Wild adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) abundance for rivers in British Columbia was indexed using catch-per-angler-day (CpAD) calculated from data obtained using an angler questionnaire. Mean annual CpAD for primarily winter-run steelhead in rivers of four rainfall-driven coastal regions of British Columbia showed similar trends from the fiscal year 1967-1968 to 1989-1990. After 1989-1990 the trends diverged. The generally remote rivers of the west coast of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands maintained a steady or increasing trend in CpAD after 1989-1990. The long-term trend for these two regions correlated well with a joint index of winter and summer upwelling for the Coastal Upwelling Domain for the years that steelhead are at sea and is consistent with studies that relate marine survival of salmon to oceanic-atmospheric climate. In contrast with west coast Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands, most rivers of the east coast of Vancouver Island and the lower mainland near Vancouver revealed declining trends since 1989-1990. Most of these rivers drain into the Strait of Georgia. Reasons for the discrepancy among regions after about 1990 are discussed. They include high angling pressure related to hatchery supplementation, differences in riverine and marine conditions, and smolt migration distance.

A new Nitschkia on western conifers and its probable microconidial state

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (20) ◽  
pp. 2113-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Nitschkia molnarii (Ascomycetes: Nitschkiaceae), is described from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in coastal British Columbia, Canada. A microconidial state closely associated with the ascocarps is described, but not separately named.

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