Effects of genetic selection for growth on frost hardiness in western hemlock

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Hannerz ◽  
Sally N Aitken ◽  
John N King ◽  
Sonya Budge
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Sib Families

Fall and spring frost hardiness was determined from electrolytic leakage of artificially frozen needle segments in 22 full-sib families of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) from British Columbia and Washington State representing different levels of genetic gain, and of four provenance materials (stand progenies from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and Oregon Cascades, and seed-orchard progenies from the northern Oregon Coast Range). Samples for freeze testing were collected in a 5-year-old trial at Jordan River on southwestern Vancouver Island. Height and date of bud flush were recorded in the field. Genetic gain among the full-sib families was not correlated with fall frost hardiness, but high-yielding families displayed a lower spring frost hardiness and an earlier bud flush than low-yielding families. Both fall and spring frost hardiness increased and height growth decreased with the latitude of provenances. The highest growth, earliest bud flush and lowest fall and spring frost hardiness was demonstrated by the Oregon provenances, while the lowest growth, latest bud flush and highest hardiness was found for the Queen Charlotte Islands provenance.

The Relation of Weather to Population Trends of the Black-headed Budworm Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Silver
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Canal Area ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

The history of the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), in the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forests of coastal British Columbia is one of recurring cycles of outbreaks. The latest cycle occurred from 1952 to 1957 and was represented by three main outbreaks in the Portland Canal area from Prince Rupert to Stewart, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and on northern Vancouver Island. Previous to this, groups of West Coast outbreaks were recorded from 1940 to 1945, and from 1927 to 1931 (Prebble and Graham, 1945a).

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VIII. DECAY OF WESTERN HEMLOCK ON THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Foster ◽  
A. T. Foster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Understory Trees

An investigation of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, has shown that decay losses in old-growth stands are appreciable, amounting to 13.9, 8.0, and 10.7% of the gross volume of Grades 1, 2, and 3 logs respectively. Total loss, including dead trees, amounted to 25.5% of the gross volume. Twenty-seven decay-producing fungi have been isolated. The most important of these are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. pini (Thore) Lloyd, F. annosus (Fr.) Cke., and Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr. Echinodontium tinctorium E. & E. apparently does not occur in the region. Scars provided the most frequent, and roots the most important, avenue of entrance for decay. The logs of 2318 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Decay was found to increase progressively with diameter, age, and decreasing site quality. Maximum net periodic increment was reached between 350 and 400 years of age and between 35 and 40 in. in diameter. Color of bark was found to provide an added indication of tree maturity. Understory trees were found to give a substantial yield of sound wood.

Surface pollen spectra from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory B Allen ◽  
Kendrick J Brown ◽  
Richard J Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Pollen And Spores

Analyses of surface samples of 84 sites from southern Vancouver Island were used to characterize pollen and spore spectra of modern vegetation types. Xeric Quercus garryana Dougl. and grassland associations can be identified by Quercus pollen and abundant nonarboreal pollen, respectively. Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests are distinguished by high proportions of Pseudotsuga and low Pseudotsuga to Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. ratios. Coastal Western Hemlock zone forests have abundant Tsuga heterophylla pollen. Dry Coastal Western Hemlock subzones have diagnostically abundant Pseudotsuga and Tsuga heterophylla pollen, and intermediate Pseudotsuga to Tsuga heterophylla ratios. Moist Coastal Western Hemlock variants are characterised by little or no Pseudotsuga pollen and high Pseudotsuga to Tsuga heterophylla ratios. The Mountain Hemlock zone exhibits abundant Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. pollen percentages and notable nonarboreal pollen and spore values. Relatively high Alnus values are not necessarily indicators of dominant alder stands, especially when obtained from open communities. Pseudotsuga to Tsuga heterophylla ratios are useful as a proxy measure of mean annual precipitation between 700 and 2700 mm.Key words: pollen and spores, surface spectra, Vancouver Island, biogeoclimatic zone, vegetation, precipitation.

The phytogeography of Oxalis oregana in British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1561-1563
Author(s):  
R. T. Ogilvie ◽  
R. J. Hebda ◽  
Hans L. Roemer
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Native People ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Polystichum Munitum

The occurrence of Oxalis oregana Nutt. in British Columbia is documented for five localities on the west coast of Vancouver Island and one locality in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Oxalis populations grow in alluvial Tsuga heterophylla – Picea sitchensis – Thuja plicata – Polystichum munitum forest communities. Rhizomatous reproduction was recorded in all populations and flowering in two of the Vancouver Island populations. Three of the populations may be less than 3000 years old because they would have been inundated by higher sea levels during the middle Holocene. Possible introduction of plants by native people from the Olympic Peninsula, WA, is discussed.

Evaluating possible intraspecific variation in resistance of western hemlock (Pinaceae) to Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-782
Author(s):  
Alexander Rose ◽  
Darrell W. Ross ◽  
Kimberly F. Wallin
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Complete Resistance ◽  
Join Count Statistics ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWestern hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent (Pinaceae), trees growing in a clonal, commercial seed orchard on Whidbey Island, Washington, United States of America were assessed for Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) infestation levels to determine whether there was any evidence of resistance to this herbivore. Join-count statistics revealed that A. tsugae infested trees were not clumped, but instead were randomly distributed throughout the seed orchard. Chi-square analyses suggested that there is a genetic basis for different levels of A. tsugae infestation among the genets represented in the orchard. However, since none of the genets were completely free of A. tsugae infestation, differences among genets seem to be related more to susceptibility or tolerance than complete resistance. Among the 17 genets that had five or more ramets in the seed orchard, only one had more than one ramet free of A. tsugae. That genet had four of five ramets that were free of A. tsugae. However, it is not possible to say whether that was due to chance or inherent tree characteristics that make it less susceptible to A. tsugae infestation.

The potential of improving western hemlock pulp and paper quality. I. Genetic control and interrelationships of wood and fibre traits

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N King ◽  
C Cartwright ◽  
J Hatton ◽  
A D Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Fibre Traits

This paper reports relationships between wood and fibre traits and investigates the potential for using genetic selection to improve traits that will increase both the yield and the value of the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) pulp wood resource. Strong family effects were present in the internal wood and fibre properties of relative wood density, average fibre length, and fibre coarseness. Heritability estimates for these traits ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. Heritability estimates for growth variables of height and diameter ranged from 0.15 to 0.2. Beside the moderate to high heritabilities for internal wood variables, coefficients of variation at the individual and family mean level ranged from 7.5to 13% and from 4 to 6.5%, respectively. Correlations at an individual phenotypic and genetic level showed adverse correlations between growth rate and both relative wood density (negative correlation) and fibre coarseness (positive correlation). A significant negative phenotypic correlation between relative wood density and coarseness would appear to be due to the fact that both traits were strongly correlated to growth rate. The partial correlation controlling for diameter between coarseness and diameter was nonsignificant. Power analysis demonstrated that pulp and fibre traits could beassessed effectively using as few as six individuals per family.

A New Species of the Genus Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Made In

Aphids of the species described below were first seen by the author at Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, in 1956. Additional observations and collections were made in 1959 at several other locations in southern British Columbia.The species is unique in that it is apparently the only one in the genus living on western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.All measurements of the body and appendages are in millimetres.

Growth ofPseudotsuga menziesiiandTsuga heterophyllaseedlings along a light gradient: resource allocation and morphological acclimation

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mailly ◽  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Relative Light Intensity

Silvicultural alternatives that differ in the degree of overstory removal may create shady environments that will be problematic for the regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Gradients of light in the field were used to compare mortality, growth, and leaf morphological acclimation of two conifer species of contrasting shade tolerances: Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Results after two growing seasons indicated that Douglas-fir mortality occurred mainly at relative light intensity (RLI) below 20%, while western hemlock mortality was evenly distributed along the light gradient. Height, diameter, and biomass of the planted seedlings increased with increasing light for both species but at different rates, and maximum biomass accumulation always occurred in the open. Douglas-fir allocated more resources to stem biomass than western hemlock, which accumulated more foliage biomass. Increases in specific leaf area for Douglas-fir seedlings occurred at RLI ≤ 0.4 and red/far red (R/FR) ratio ≤ 0.6, which appear to be the minimal optimum light levels for growth. Conversely, western hemlock seedlings adjusted their leaf morphology in a more regular pattern, and changes were less pronounced at low light levels. These results, along with early mortality results for Douglas-fir, suggest that the most successful way to artificially regenerate this species may be by allowing at least 20% of RLI for ensuring survival and at least 40% RLI for optimum growth. Key words: light, light quality, leaf morphology, acclimation.

TOXICITY OF SMOKE FROM SPOROPHORES OF THE INDIAN PAINT FUNGUS AND WOOD FROM WESTERN HEMLOCK TO YELLOWFEVER MOSQUITOES

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
W.P.L. Osborn ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Smoke Water

AbstractTo mitigate the effects of mosquitoes, settlers in the Revelstoke area of British Columbia reportedly burned the sporophores of the Indian paint fungus, Echinodontium tinctorium (Ell. & Ev.) Ell. & Ev., a pathogen of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and true firs, Abies spp. Larval and adult yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), were exposed to aqueous extracts of smoke (smoke-waters) from E. tinctorium sporophores, and from western hemlock sapwood and heartwood. Smoke-waters were of approximately equal toxicity to larvae. Fungus smoke-water, but not sapwood or heartwood smoke-waters, lost 50% of its potency in 5 months. Vapors from fungus smoke-water were significantly more toxic to adult mosquitoes than those from sapwood or heartwood. Thus smoke from E. tinctorium sporophores and T. heterophylla wood apparently contain different water-soluble combustion products toxic to A. aegypti.

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