A Laboratory Method of Mass Rearing the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), for Insecticide Tests

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 328-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
J. A. Begg ◽  
J. H. Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
Rearing Techniques

A number of techniques have been developed for rearing cutworms of economic importance. Most of those that were developed primarily for lifehistory studies (Crumb, 1929; Hocking, 1952; King and Atkinson, 1927; Satterthwait, 1933; Snyder, 1954) are unsatisfactory for mass rearing. Mass rearing techniques have been developed for several cutworms of economic importance (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1957; Swingle et al., 1941; Waters, 1937; and Wylie and Palm, 1940). However, the black cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), is difficult to rear because of cannibalism.

scholarly journals Cold storage and gamma irradiation of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier eggs (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in relation to the success of parasitism by Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naglaa F. Abdel-Hameid ◽  
I. R. M. Elzoghby ◽  
A. L. Mehany ◽  
W. A. A. Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Trichogramma Evanescens ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
The Times

AbstractThe performance of parasitism by the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was investigated under cold storage and gamma irradiation treatments of the host eggs. Cold storage treatment could improve the parasitoid mass rearing techniques and reduced the costs of biological control programs, while gamma irradiation might be used as a supplementary support at the times of high demand. The suitability of the S. cerealella eggs, stored at – 20 °C for 0.5, 1, or 2 h. as a host for T. evanescens was evaluated. The sensitivity of S. cerealella eggs to gamma irradiation treatments and the acceptability of irradiated eggs for parasitism by T. evanescens females for the parental P and F1 generations were examined. The results revealed that parasitism was drastically reduced more than adult’s emergence and sex-ratio (% of females) after cold storage periods of S. cerealella eggs. Moreover, the parasitism percentages were relatively reduced to (97.1, 96.1, 93.03, and 92.7 %) after irradiating the S. cerealella eggs at 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy, respectively than the control (97.3% emergence). The percentages of emergence and females’ percent were slightly decreased by gamma irradiation doses, while, equal preferred by the F1 generation of parasitoid that produced from irradiated S. cerealella eggs.

scholarly journals Pest Biological Control: Goals Throughout My Life

2022 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Liying Li
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Poor Family ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
Cotton Pest

This autobiography documents the life and accomplishments of Li Liying. Born into a poor family in China, she eventually became director of Guangdong Entomological Institute. After graduating middle school (1949), she was admitted to the Agronomy Faculty at Beijing Agricultural University but was shortly after redirected by the Chinese Government to Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia. The last year of her study at Timiryazev Agricultural Academy was a pivotal experience. She had the opportunity to conduct fieldwork on cotton pest control and became aware of the harmful practice of aerially spraying highly toxic organophosphates with workers present. She decided to dedicate herself to finding safer alternatives and became a leader in the development of mass-rearing techniques for insects beneficial to agriculture. She traveled to laboratories in several foreign countries to foster collaboration and exchange of ideas among colleagues. She is recognized for her service to entomological societies, teaching at universities, and love of entomology.

scholarly journals Assessment of a Novel Adult Mass-Rearing Cage for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles arabiensis (Patton)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Wadaka Mamai ◽  
Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda ◽  
Thomas Wallner ◽  
Bèwadéyir Serge Poda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Rearing Techniques

Successful implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles arabiensis relies on a continuous supply of sterile males. To meet this requirement, optimization of the mass-rearing techniques is needed. This study, therefore, aims to assess a new mass-rearing cage (MRC) in terms of egg production efficiency and egg hatch rate (quality). In addition, adult survival was evaluated based on a cage adult-index for Ae. albopictus. Moreover, the cage’s suitability for use in mass An. arabiensis egg production was compared to that of the FAO/IAEA Anopheles reference cage. In Ae. albopictus rearing, the new MRC produced 1,112,110 eggs per cage following six blood meals, with minimum loss of eggs in the egging water. Furthermore, the adult index gave a good proxy of daily mortality rates in Ae. albopictus. In An. arabiensis rearing, about 130,000 eggs per egg batch were collected both from the new and the reference MRC. These findings suggest that the new MRC prototype is efficient in terms of egg production and can be used for mass-rearing in SIT programs targeting Ae. albopictus as well as An. arabiensis. The adult index was also positively validated for the detection of unusual mortality rates in Ae. albopictus mass-rearing facilities. Overall, the new MRC has shown several advantages; however, further improvements are necessary to minimize escapes during the egg collection processes.

scholarly journals VOCs-Mediated Location of Olive Fly Larvae by the Braconid ParasitoidPsyttalia concolor: A Multivariate Comparison among VOC Bouquets from Three Olive Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Giunti ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Giuseppe Conte ◽  
Marcello Mele ◽  
Giovanni Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
Psyttalia Concolor

Herbivorous activity induces plant indirect defenses, as the emission of herbivorous-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which could be used by parasitoids for host location.Psyttalia concoloris a larval pupal endoparasitoid, attacking a number of tephritid flies includingB. oleae.In this research, we investigated the olfactory cues routing host location behavior ofP. concolortowardsB. oleaelarvae infesting three different olive cultivars. VOCs from infested and healthy fruits were identified using GC-MS analyses. In two-choice behavioral assays,P. concolorfemales preferred infested olive cues, which also evoked ovipositional probing by female wasps. GC-MS analysis showed qualitative and quantitative differences among volatiles emitted by infested and healthy olives. Volatile emissions were peculiar for each cultivar analyzed. Two putative HIPVs were detected in infested fruits, regardless of the cultivar, the monoterpene (E)-β-ocimene, and the sesquiterpene (E-E)-α-farnesene. Our study adds basic knowledge to the behavioral ecology ofP. concolor. From an applied point of view, the field application of the above-mentioned VOCs may help to enhance effectiveness of biological control programs and parasitoid mass-rearing techniques.

Pre- and Post-Copulatory Competitiveness of the Genetic Sexing Strain Tapachula-7 of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2163-2170
Author(s):  
Yair Contreras-Navarro ◽  
Diana Pérez-Staples ◽  
Dina Orozco-Dávila ◽  
Francisco Díaz-Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Copulatory Behavior ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Genetic Sexing Strain

Abstract Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an endemic pest of Mexico, attacking several fruits of economic importance. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), consisting of mass-rearing, irradiation and release of adults, is used to control this pest in affected areas. Currently, a genetic sexing strain (Tapachula 7, Tap-7) consisting only of A. ludens males is being released, yet we lack information on its sexual performance at the early ages when they are released and on its post copulatory behavior in terms of sperm transfer and mating inhibition. Here, sexual competitiveness at young ages and ability to inhibit female re-mating was compared between sterile Tap-7, Standard Bisexual (SB), or wild males both in laboratory and field cage conditions. Sperm stored by females mating with wild, Tap-7, or SB strain males was also compared. Six-day-old sterile Tap-7 males had low mating rates, however, by 7 d of age 80% of males had mated. Tap-7 males were just as likely as wild males to inhibit wild female re-mating. In field cages, sterile Tap-7 males mated faster than wild and sterile males from the SB strain and had comparable mating success to wild males. Females mated to sterile Tap-7 males stored more sperm than those mated to sterile SB males. Females mated to wild males stored more sperm than females mated to any other type of male. Mass-rearing had a greater effect on decreasing sperm stored by females than irradiation. We recommend continuing the release of the GSS strain of A. ludens.

scholarly journals Density-Dependent Growth and Fitness in Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-kun Gao ◽  
Cui-cui Geng ◽  
Ying-chao Ji ◽  
Zi-kun Li ◽  
Cheng-gang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Developmental Duration ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
Longhorn Beetles ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Dastarcus Helophoroides ◽  
Rearing Techniques

The ectoparasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is an important natural enemy insect, which is artificially mass-reared and released into woodland to control medium and large longhorn beetle species. This study examined the developmental duration (days) of larvae and adult fitness (including numbers of adults emerging per host and mean body size) by exposing a single substitute host, a pupa of Zophobas morio (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), to different densities of D. helophoroides larvae. We showed that there was no significant effect on the rate of successful parasitism and cocoon formation, but emergence success and measures of individual adult body size (length, width, and weight) declined with increasing larval density. Larval period and cocoon period increased with larval density, while total weight of adults emerging per host increased initially before reaching a plateau. Our results suggest that a pupa of Z. morio could be successfully parasitized by a single D. helophoroides larva, but multiple D. helophoroides larvae can share one host. Excessive larval density caused intraspecific competition among D. helophoroides larvae, manifesting in extended developmental duration of immature stage and reduced fitness of adults. Furthermore, the tradeoff between the numbers of adults and body size may stabilize the population dynamics with detectable mutual interference, particularly in competing for limited host resources. These findings suggest six larvae per host would achieve the highest adult fitness and would enhance mass-rearing techniques as part of IPM strategies for longhorn beetles.

Life History and Sex Determination in the Diaspine Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) (Coccoidea)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Bennett ◽  
Spencer W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Chromosome Behaviour ◽  
Control Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona

The increasing body of knowledge about the armored scales is beginning to reveal manv unique aspects in the life cycles of these highly specialized insects. Such information is not only of value to the entomologist and those concerned with the control of scales but is also becoming important in such diverse fields as genetics, ecology, cytology, and physiology; armored scales may well find an expanding place in the laboratory as subjects for researches in a variety of fields. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) has one of the most unusual, yet to date one of the best understood life cycles of the armored scales. Various aspects of its biology have been described by Berlese (1910), Smit (1953), Dustan (1953), and Monti (1955). Accounts of its natural enemies or biological control programs have been given by Berlese (1910) for Italy, by Ogilvie (1928) and Simmonds (1955) for Bermuda, by Bennett (1956) for Trinidad, and Clausen (1956) for Florida. P. pentagona is a pest of economic importance on a wide variety of hosts throughout an extekive geographic distribution (Anon., 1956), and has been cultured extensively in the biological control laboratory for the mass-rearing of scale parasites and predators. Recent investirzations of the sex determining mechanik and chromosome behaviour (Brown and Bennett, 1957) have arain shown unusual processes and relationships, some of which appear to occur in many other species of armored scales. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the life cycle of P. pentagona as it is known from field and laboratory studies and from cytological and genetic investigations.

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