Identification of Bombyliid Parasites and Hyperparasites of Phalaenidae of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, with Descriptions of Six Other Bombyliid Pupae (Diptera)

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Total Parasitism ◽  
Prairie Provinces

For many years studies of cutworm bionomics and control, especially of pest species, have been carried on in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. During these studies a number of cutworm parasites and hyperparasites of the bombyliid generaPoecilanthraxOsten Sacken,VillaLioy, andHemipentherLoew have been encountered. These species do not appear to be important factors in the natural control of cutworms, for they cause from two to five per cent of the total parasitism. No detailed data are available on the life-history of any of the species.

The life-history and control of Hapatesus hirtus Candeze (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Victoria

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 827 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Horne ◽  
JA Horne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Potato Crops

The incidence and life-history of potato wireworm, Hapatesus hirtus Candeze, in Victorian potato crops were studied, and insecticidal control measures assessed. Larval stages were present and active throughout the year. Ten larval instars were identified, probably requiring several years to complete development. Egg development occurred in October-November and the most likely timing of oviposition was December. The relative numbers of larval H. hirtus detected in soil samples, pre-planting baits and harvested tubers are presented. Baiting with halves of potatoes provided an efficient means of detecting areas likely to suffer wireworm damage. One formulation of chlorpyrifos ('Lorsban') was effective in reducing damage to, and larval numbers in, potatoes in field trials. The granular formulation of tefluthrin and the controlled release chlorpyrifos were not effective in protecting potato tubers.

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF SCHISTOCERCA LINEATA SCUD

1932 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Criddle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
South America ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Prairie Provinces

The lined grasshopper, Schistocerca lineata Scud., is the only one of the genus met with in the Prairie Provinces, although it has as relations, several famous locusts of the Old World and South America including the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forst., and S. paranensis Burm. Indeed there is something in the flight and other actions of this insect which separates it from its associates as an aristocrat and most of us seeing it for the first time would readily proclaim “This is a locust”. Despite its aristocratic ancestry, however, the lined grasshopper is little better than a hermit, and in Canada it is restricted in distribution to the southern slopes of a few hot coulies in Alberta.

scholarly journals Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Ronquist ◽  
Johan A. A. Nylander ◽  
Hege Vårdal ◽  
José Luis Nieves-Aldrey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
History Of

By mechanisms that are still unknown, gall wasps (Cynipidae) induce plants to form complex galls, inside which their larvae develop. The family also includes inquilines (phytophagous forms that live inside the galls of other gall inducers) and possibly also parasitoids of gall inducers. The origin of cynipids is shrouded in mystery, but it has been clear for some time that a key group in making progress on this question is the ‘figitoid inquilines’. They are gall-associated relatives of cynipids, whose biology is poorly known. Here, we report the first detailed data on the life history of a figitoid inquiline, the genusParnips. Dissections of mature galls show thatParnipsnigripesis a parasitoid ofBarbotiniaoraniensis, a cynipid that induces single-chambered galls inside the seed capsules of annual poppies (PapaverrhoeasandP.dubium). Galls with pupae ofParnipsnigripesalways contain the remains of a terminal-instar larva ofB.oraniensis. The mandibles of the terminal-instar larva ofP.nigripesare small and equipped with a single sharp tooth, a shape that is characteristic of carnivorous larvae. The weight ofP.nigripespupae closely match that of the same sex ofB.oraniensispupae, indicating thatParnipsmakes efficient use of its host and suggesting that ovipositingParnipsfemales lay eggs that match the sex of the host larva. Dissection of young galls show that another species ofParnips, hitherto undescribed, spends its late larval life as an ectoparasitoid ofIraellahispanica, a cynipid that induces galls in flowers of annual poppies. These and other observations suggest thatParnipsshares the early endoparasitic-late ectoparasitic life history described for all other cynipoid parasitoids. Our findings imply that gall wasps evolved from parasitoids of gall insects. The original hosts could not have been cynipids but possibly chalcidoids, which appear to be the hosts of several extant figitoid inquilines. It is still unclear whether the gall inducers evolved rapidly from these ancestral parasitoids, or whether they were preceded by a long series of intermediate forms that were phytophagous inquilines.

On a Bostrychid Wood-borer in the Sudan

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. G. Peake
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wood Borer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Acacia Seyal

Sinoxylon senegalense is essentially the wood borer of felled Acacia seyal Del. in the Sudan, damage due to other beetles being contributory in a very small degree.The life-history of the Bostrychid is recorded. The period from egg to adult is about eight weeks, but the complete life-cycle is considerably longer. The larval tunnels are superficial and only a few inches in length. The damage is almost entirely due to the adult, which remains boring within the logs for nearly 10 months. A predacious Clerid, Cylidrus fasciatus, and Braconid parasites, a species belonging to genus near Doryctes and Platyspathius pictipennis, were recorded.Destruction of the timber is very rapid and control methods should be undertaken as soon after felling as possible. Insectaries were prepared containing the timber treated in various ways and the behaviour of the insect noted in each instance. The chemicals used in the experiments were sodium arsenite, boracic acid and pentachlorophenol. The latter, used as a spray on barked logs, was found to be the most effective.

BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF EPURAEA OBLIQUUS HATCH (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) ON WESTERN GALL RUST

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron R. Currie ◽  
John R. Spence ◽  
W. Jan A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Endocronartium Harknessii ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe life cycle, phenology, and abundance of Epuraea obliquus Hatch was studied near Hinton, Alberta. Most of the life cycle occurs on galls of Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (western gall rust) infecting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.). Both adults and larvae feed on the spores of the fungus. Individuals of this beetle were found on most galls sampled. Adults overwinter in the soil. They emerge in the spring to seek out and colonize galls. Eggs are laid on the surface of galls, mainly under the periderm, and larvae feed on the fungus, developing through three larval instars. Larvae in the last instar drop from galls to pupate in the soil. Adults leave the soil in late summer and return to feed on inactive galls before overwintering in the soil. The phenology of E. obliquus is closely synchronized with the timing of rust sporulation and the impact of beetle feeding may be an important natural control of western gall rust.

Identification of the Root Maggots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Attacking Cruciferous Garden Crops in Canada, with Notes on Biology and Control

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cruciferous Plants

A great number of papers and notes have been written on the root maggots attacking cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish in Canada and the United States during the past 75 years. These deal chiefly with the occurrence, life-history, and control of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), or species which have been misidentified as that species. The Canadian work has followed the lead of Gibson and Treherne (1916), but in spite of the accumulation of information on the life-history of the species, on cultivation methods, and on insecticides, the pests of these cruciferous plants remain as noxious as ever.

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION LEVELS, AND CONTROL OF GRAPHOLITA LIBERTINA HEINR. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A PEST OF LINGONBERRIES IN NEWFOUNDLAND

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray F. Morris ◽  
B.G. Penney ◽  
G. Greenslade ◽  
P.A. Hendrickson ◽  
K.B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hymenopterous Parasite ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

AbstractGrapholita libertina Heinr. larvae are a pest of economic importance in lingonberries (partridgeberries), Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd, in Newfoundland. Both domestic and export markets are affected. Surveys conducted during the period 1973–1982 to determine distribution and larval population levels, in localities where berries were harvested commercially, indicated they were infested to varying intensities in all 15 localities studied. Highest infestations occurred at Pouch Cove (5 September 1974 — 122 larvae per kilogram of ripe berries) and on Witless Bay Line (9 August 1977 — 276 larvae per kilogram of green berries).In experiments conducted from 1980 to 1982 at six locations, there was a significant decrease in level of infestation as the crop reached maturity. Our results suggest that delaying the opening of the lingonberry harvest season until the last week of September decreased the risk of infestation.Observations on the life history of G. libertina and a naturally occurring hymenopterous parasite are presented.

STUDIES ON THE SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES SITCHENSIS, IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Silver
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Heavy Mortality

AbstractThe life history of the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis Hopk., is described. Adults overwinter in duff at the base of trees and emerge in April or early May. Oviposition begins in late April on leaders. The larvae hatch and mine downward, eventually girdling and killing the leader. Larvae pupate in chip cocoons under the bark. Newly developed adults start emerging in August and, prior to hibernation, feed on leaders of young trees. Adults have been observed in the field as late as December.Predators caused heavy mortality but the weevil population maintained itself and increased in some years. Parasitism was light. Natural control factors reduced the population level but were incapable of controlling a population. Satisfactory control was obtained by applying DDT and phosphamidon to leaders with a hand-sprayer early in the spring, but repeated applications would be necessary to protect a plantation through the critical years.Damage to Sitka spruce regeneration and plantations in British Columbia is severe. At present, protection of Sitka spruce plantations would require considerable expense.

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