scholarly journals BEES COLLECTED BY THE REV. G. BIRKMANN IN TEXAS

1905 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 334-335
Author(s):  
T. D. A. Cockerell
Keyword(s):  
Outer Side ◽  
Red Hair ◽  
Dark Hair ◽  
White Band ◽  
Fourth Segment ◽  
Basal Joint ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
Median Area

♀.— Length nearly 19 mm.; length of anterior wing about 13 mm.; breadth of abdomen in middle 7 mm.; in all respects like M. Comanche, Cresson (co-type compared), except as folllows: Abdomen broader; fourth segment without a bare median area, the braod grayish-white band continued right across; fifth and sixth segments with the hari purplish-black, except the long hair at sides, which is paler and redder; hair of venter not so red; hair of inner side of basal joint of hind tarsi reddish-black, ferruginous basally: wings hardly so dark; hair-patch on mesothorax shorter, so that it is conspicuously broader than long; flagellum dark, with only a faint red tinge beneath; hair on outer side of basal joint of middle tarsi brownish-black (rufo-fulvous in Comanche).

Pain sensitivity and experimentally induced sensitisation in red haired females

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Andresen ◽  
Dagmar Lunden ◽  
Asbjørn M. Drewes ◽  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Melanocortin 1 Receptor ◽  
Red Hair ◽  
Dark Hair ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Topical Capsaicin ◽  
Healthy Females ◽  
Experimentally Induced

AbstractIntroduction and aimPain sensitivity has been linked to the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. A mutation in MC1R can result in pale skin and red hair in humans and may modulate pain responses in general. Human studies have shown that women with non-functional MC1R’s were sensitive to experimental induced cold and heat pain. A study demonstrated that females with red hair required higher dose of anesthesia than females with dark hair to experience analgesia to electrical stimulation. Moreover, women expressing non-functional MC1Rs display greater analgesia from opioid analgesia. If redheads in general respond differently to pain and analgesics, this is of clinical importance. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate pain sensitivity and experimentally induced sensitisation in red haired females.MethodTwenty healthy females with pale skin and red hair (mean age 32 years, range 20–55) and 20 healthy females with blond/dark hair (mean age 31 years, range 20–51) participated in this study. The pain tolerance thresholds to heat and pressure stimulation were determined. Hyperalgesia was induced experimentally by applying 0.075% topical capsaicin cream for 30 min. The secondary pin-prick hyperalgesic area was estimated with a calibrated filament (von Frey hair, 15 g) and the area of allodynia by a soft brush. This was done 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after cream removal.ResultsNeither heat nor pressure pain tolerance thresholds were changed in the two groups. The secondary pin-prick hyperalgesic areas were significantly smaller for red haired females than blond/dark haired females (P = 0.014). There were no significant differences in the allodynic areas.DiscussionAs the secondary hyperalgesic response evoked by topical capsaicin is a central phenomenon, the observed smaller pin-prick hyperalgesic area in the red haired females could indicate a central role of MCRs in development or maintenance of hyperalgesia. Central involvement of MC1Rs or dysfunction of peripheral MC1Rs activating central MC4Rs has been suggested to influence pain sensitivity. The difference observed between red haired and non-red haired females may have implications for pain management regimens as compounds interacting with sensitisation such as NMDA-antagonists or alpha-2-delta-ligands may exert different types of action in people with MC1R mutation.ConclusionThe present study showed that red haired females were less sensitive to topical capsaicin induced pin-prick hyperalgesia compared with blond/dark haired females.ImplicationsThe smaller hyperalgesic area in redheads could be a manifestation of central anti-hyperalgesic involvement of MCRs and could have an influence on the treatment of pain as well as in studies investigating anti-hyperalgesic drugs.

scholarly journals NEW BEES OF THE SUBFAMILY ANTHOPHORINÆ FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

1901 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
T. D. A. Cockerell
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Hind Tibia ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Black Hair ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Posterior Half ◽  
Basal Joint ◽  
Yellowish White

Anthophora catalinœ, n.sp.— ♀. Length 14 millim., black (including face, mandibles and antennæ), with fulvous, yellowish-white and black pubescence. Pubescence of face dull yellowish-white, a few black hairs at the sides of the clypeus, a long pale fulvous tuft on each side of the anterior ocellus; hair of vertex long, erect and black, of occiput yellowish-white, of cheeks yellowish-white above and white below; hair of thorax pale fulvous, mixed with black on mesothorax and scutellum; lower half of pleura clothed with black hair; abdomen with dense pale fulvous hair-bands at the apices of the first four segments; apex with black hair; ventral surface of abdomen with black hair, except at the sides, where the pale apical bands of the upper surface are combined for a short distance; legs clothed beneath with black hair, above largely with pale; fringe of anterior tarsi wholly black; long hair on outer side of hind tibia and basal joint of tarsus black on the anterior half (extending longitudinally) and shining very pale yellowish on the posterior half.

scholarly journals Four new African Mosquitos

1923 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Large Patch ◽  
Small Patch ◽  
Black Patch ◽  
Anterior Half ◽  
Fourth Segment ◽  
Anterior Side ◽  
Dorsal Stripe

♀. Head clothed almost entirely with broad flat scales, though there are a very few narrow curved ones and a few upright forked ones on the nape. Scales at the back of the head mostly light ochreous; a rather broad creamy mid-dorsal stripe, and a conspicuous silvery margin to the eyes; remaining scales on upper part of head forming two large but irregular patches of black; another small black patch low down among the creamy scales on each side. Clypeus bare, dark brown. Eyes well separated. Orbital bristles dark brown. Proboscis blackish, slender, slightly longer than the front femora. Palpi fully one-fourth as long as the proboscis, blackish, with the usual conspicuous silvery apical patch. Tori blackish, with a large patch of silvery-white scales. Thorax with the integument uniformly black. Mesonotum clothed mainly with rather large and coarse, dull brown, narrow, curved scales, those surrounding the ante-scutellar space golden-brown, but scarcely any broader than the others, and not forming definite lines; no mid-dorsal golden line; a small patch of board flat silvery scales in the middle of the front margin, and a small patch of narrower scales in front of the root of each wing; a pair of large crescent-shaped patches of broadly crescent-patches of broadly crescent-shaped silvery-white scales in the anterior half. Scutellum with the median and lateral bodies lobes completely clothed with silvery scales. Prothoracic lobes, pro-epimera bristles, and a large part of the pleurae clothed with silvery-white scales. About five pro-epimeral bristles, and about five post-spiracular; no lower mesepimeral. Abdomen clothed mostly with purplish-black scales; the first tergite, and a basal band on each of tergite, 2–7, creamy white; all tergites with large silvery basal lateral spots, and sternites with silvery basal bands. Eighth segment rather prominent; cerci very short. Legs rather slender. Front femora almost entirely black; mid fermora black except for a small white spot on the anterior side just beyond the middle, and a rather conspicuous silvery-white tip; hind femora all white on the basal fourth, the outer side silvery-white to a little beyond the middle and also rather broadly at the tip. Front and middle tibiae with a small white spot at the base beneath, hind tibiae entirely black. Front and middle tarsi black, with narrow white rings at the bases of the first two segments; hind tarsi with rather narrow white rings at the bases of the first three segments, fourth segment white except for the extreme tip, fifth all black. Front and middle claws toothed; hind simple. Wings normal, the scales ligulate and rather dense. Wing-length 4 mm.

scholarly journals MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 367-368
Author(s):  
C. S. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Light Blue ◽  
White Band ◽  
Basal Joint

From the Island of Mindanao, P.I., comes a very pretty mosquito.Toxorhynchites argenteotarsis, n. sp.—♀. Head densely covered with very dark brown flat scales, with bronze-blue iridescence, a light blue-white band around the eyes, and a few brown bristles; antennæ dark brown, the basal joint densely covered with flat white scales; palpi with very dary brown, almost black, scales, bronze-blue iridescence, the penulimate and antipenultimate joints with narrow violet apical bands; proboscis very dark, practically black, with bright bronze-blue irirdescence; eyes black, clypeus black.

scholarly journals The Genetic Overlap Between Hair and Eye Color

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bochao D. Lin ◽  
Gonneke Willemsen ◽  
Abdel Abdellaoui ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Erik A. Ehli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Red Hair ◽  
Dark Hair ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Blue Eyes

We identified the genetic variants for eye color by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in a Dutch Caucasian family-based population sample and examined the genetic correlation between hair and eye color using data from unrelated participants from the Netherlands Twin Register. With the Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis software package, we found strong genetic correlations between various combinations of hair and eye colors. The strongest positive correlations were found for blue eyes with blond hair (0.87) and brown eyes with dark hair (0.71), whereas blue eyes with dark hair and brown eyes with blond hair showed the strongest negative correlations (-0.64 and -0.94, respectively). Red hair with green/hazel eyes showed the weakest correlation (-0.14). All analyses were corrected for age and sex, and we explored the effects of correcting for principal components (PCs) that represent ancestry and describe the genetic stratification of the Netherlands. When including the first three PCs as covariates, the genetic correlations between the phenotypes disappeared. This is not unexpected since hair and eye colors strongly indicate the ancestry of an individual. This makes it difficult to separate the effects of population stratification and the true genetic effects of variants on these particular phenotypes.

A new Species of Dasynus, Burm., injurious to Pepper in Java (Heteroptera Coreidae)

1928 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. China
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Brownish Yellow ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Yellowish Green ◽  
Fourth Segment ◽  
In Series ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
Image Position ◽  
A New Species

Colour.—Head irregularly punctate above, yellowish green, the tylus apically and the disc of vertex tinged with brownish yellow; eyes dark grey, ocelli each surrounded on inner side with narrow red rim; head below and rostrum yellow, rostral commissure and apex brownish black. Antennae dark brown, the first segment pale below, shading to black towards the apex of each segment; extreme base of second and third segments and a broad sub-basal annulation on the fourth segment, pale yellow; apex of fourth segment brown. Pronotum dull yellowish green, becoming deeper posteriorly, regularly covered (except for the calli) with small but deep fuscous punctures, which are more dense along the inside of the reflexed lateral margins; extreme humeral angles brown. Propleura yellowish green, punctate, only the outer punctures fuscous. Scutellum dull yellowish green, deeper towards apex, regularly covered with feebly infuscate deep punctures; extreme apex yellow, impunctate. Meso- and meta-pleura yellow, tinged with green towards the basal lateral angles of the pleura, which are rugosely punctate; sterna impunctate, sparsely covered with short erect pale hairs. Hemielytra more or less regularly punctate in series between the veins, dark brown shading to dull blood-red towards apex of corium; veins (including costal and apical margins of corium) yellow, more or less suffused on the disc of elytra with olive-brown; membrane black, the veins olivebrown. Legs yellow, apices of tarsi and claws brown. Abdomen yellow, sparsely covered with short pale obscure hairs.

scholarly journals A FEW NEW SPIDERS

1896 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Nathan Banks
Keyword(s):  
Outer Edge ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Side View ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
White Band ◽  
Moderate Length ◽  
Short Tube

Length, 3.6 mm.; ceph.: long, 1.4 mm.; broad, I mm. Cephilothorax, sternum, femora i. and ii., blackish; rest of legs i. and ii. pale yellowish; legs iii. and iv. yellow-brown, the femora scarcely darker; abdomen black above, with a narrow white band across the middle and a white spot on each anterior lower side; venter pale. Cephalothorax broad, in ♂ a little narrower; posterior row of eyes procurved, the P. M. E. oval, fully their diameter apart, and about as far from the P. S. E.; anterior row strongly procurved, the A. M. E. fully their diameter apart, and about as far from the larger A. S. E. Sternum oval, pointed behind; legs of moderate length, femora i. and ii. stouter than others, femora iii. slightly excised before the tip behind. Abdomen not constricted, quite broad, somewhat depressed, epigynuin appearing much like M. montana, Em., but the openings are farther apart and more oblique. Tibia of ♂ palpus has short projection at tip on the outer side; the bulb is triangular in side view, the red parallel marks are along the outer edge; near the middle is a short tube.

A NEW SPECIES OF CRICOTOPUS WITH A KEY TO THE GENUS, (DIPT. CHIRONOMIDAE).

1928 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stuart Walley
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Lemon Yellow ◽  
White Band ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
A New Species

Female. Length 1.5 mm., thorax and abdomen dark brownish black, the latter without lighter bands. Legs fuscous brown, all tibiae with broad pale bands.Antenna. front and palpi dull blackish brown. Scutellum dull black, remainder of dorsum and metanotum dark brownish black, shining; pleura dark brownish. Coxae, femora, bases and apices of tibiae dark brown, each tibia with a broad fairly well defined dirty white band beginning at basal one fourth and extending to apical one third of tibia. A11 legs with subappressed fuscous hairs in length about equal to the diameter of the joint which bears them; leg hairs pale yellowish in region of the pale tibial bands. Anterior wing veins brownish; entire membrane infuscated. Halteres with base of stalk brownish, apex and knob pale lemon yellow.

A new Species of Bryocoropsis (Hem. Capsid.) on Cacao in Fernando Póo

1929 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-254
Author(s):  
W. E. China
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Costal Margin ◽  
Basal Segment ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
A New Species

Bryocoropsis cotterelli, sp. n.Colour.—Blackish-brown, with the head, anterior lateral margins of pronotum, sides of the scutellum, sternum, venter, and legs, ferruginous brown. Hemielytra blackish-brown, with a large irregular area at apex of corium, pale yellowish-hyaline, and a small round spot below the middle of the embolium, another at base of corium, one on disc of corium, and some obscure markings on clavus, ochreous; membrane semi-opaque, blackish-grey with a dirty whitish bilobed spot below apex of cuneus between basal cell and the costal margin. Antennae black, the basal segment tinted with ferruginous brown. Rostrum brown with apex brownish-black. Hind tibiae tinted with black along outer side.

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