scholarly journals DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW NOCTUIDS

1898 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brown Spot ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Outer Line ◽  
Gray Shade

Eutolype grandis, n. sp.Ground colour an even, smooth, bluish-gray, washed with smoky brown. Head with a little admixture of brownish in front. Collar with a small central brown spot. Patagiac margined with brown. Basal tuft of thorax with an admixture of black scales. Primaries with all the ordinary markings obscured, the most evident Feature being a broad light gray band at inner third outwardly margined by a brownish shade, which is the darkest part of the wing. The basal space is uniformly smoky gray to the t. a. line, which is narrow, geminate, even,a little incurved between the subcostal and submedian veins. The included space is light gray, and light gray shade extends to the rigid median shade, including the orbicular. T. p. line narrow, geminate, denticulate, widely bent over the cell, then with a deep incurve beneath, narrowing the median shade at the inner margin. The entire median space beyond the gray band has a warm brown tint in which the large reniform is obscurely visible as a dull, lead-coloured blotch, outlined by paler gray scales. Beyond the t. p. line the wing is of the same dull gray as at base, interrupted by the diffuse, somewhat irregular s. t. line. There is a dusky line at the base of the fringes, which are alternately black and white marked at their tips. Secondaries smoky brown, much paler at base, and with a darker line at the base of the fringes. Beneath, primaries smoky blackish, powdered with bluish-gray scales in the terminal space, secondaries grayish-white, powdery, with a blackish outer line and discal spot.

scholarly journals SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHYCITINÆ

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geo. D. Hulst
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Outer Line ◽  
Pure White

Tetralopha formosella, n. sp.Expands 18 mm. Head nearly pure white; thorax white with black scales intermixed; fore wings pure white, sometimes intermixed with black, and with black spot on costa to basal line; basal line black, with three long black teeth on outer side; middle field whitish, costa towards base black; along inner margin and reaching half way across wing, dull brick red, broken by median cross scale ridge, which is of intermingled black and white; outer line white, edged on both sides with blackish; outer field grayish, mixed with black, much darker along costa to apex; hind wings fuscous, much darker along outer edge; beneath fuscous on all wings, an outer lighter cross line showing on all wings.

scholarly journals NEW NOCTUIDS FOR 1903.—No. I

1903 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
John. B. Smith SC. D.
Keyword(s):  
White Line ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patch

Feralia Columbiana, n. sp.—Ground colour a bright emerald green, the maculation black and white. Head with a black interantennal spot. Collar with a black patch at its centre and at the base of each primary: tipped with whitish. Behind the collar there is a black edging to the disc and the loose basal tuftings are black marked. The edges of the patagia are black along the disc and at the base of the wings. The thorax itself is small and quadrate, the maculation just described forminga black square in its centre. The abdomen is deep smoky brown,yellowish or whitish at tip. Primaries with all the lines black, prominent, yet fragmentary. Basal line single, accompanied by a few white scales, becoming diffuse at the inner margin. T. a. line single, followed by a white line, out curved as a whole and irregularly bent or curved outwardly in the interspaces.

scholarly journals NEW NOCTUIDÆ FOR 1904.—I

1904 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ground Colour ◽  
Outer Line

Noctua dislocata, n. sp.— Ground colour bluish, ash-gray, marked and more or less suffused with reddish. Head gray, tending to reddish on the vertex; palpi deep brown at the sides. Thorax mouse at fawn gray or reddish, immaculate. Primaries in a general way are gray to the middle of the wing and reddish beyond; but they may be an even reddish-gray throughout. All the normal maculation is present, but not contrasting. Basal line geminate; but the outer line is obscure and only the inner is dark brown and obvious. T. a. line narrow, brown, single, preceded by a narrow paler line, just a little outcurved between the veins and a little outcurved as a whole.

Polymorphism and selection in Cochlicella acuta

1977 ◽  
Vol 276 (949) ◽  
pp. 399-451 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Northern Latitudes

Cochlicella acuta is a small, pointed sand-dune snail, which is polymorphic for shell banding, shell opacity and ground colour. From a survey of about eighty colonies between latitudes 58° N and 43° N in west and northwest Europe and a more extensive study of one of them, morph frequencies have been determined and corresponding habitats classified, according to their appearance. It has been shown previously that the principal alleles responsible for the shell characteristics of C. acuta behave as a supergene, that the known variations occur in certain preferred associations and that only a few morphs occur commonly. Now, the frequencies of certain morphs are shown to be associated with particular habitat types. Three such relationships are identified. Discontinuously opaque unbanded forms, which usually possess a buff/ amber ground colour and are consequently of sandy appearance, predominate on backgrounds of exposed sand, where they are cryptic. Heavily-banded forms, which are dark in colour occur most commonly on dark coloured substrates while continuously opaque morphs with few bands which are of black and white appearance, occur principally and numerously in turfy habitats, where in contrast with the cryptic relationship of the other two associations, they are quite conspicuous. Moreheavily-banded forms of the sympatric species Helicella have also been found to occur most commonly where the substrate is dark. Predation by rooks, Corvus frugilegus , of both species is established. It is suggested that predation of this kind is likely to be selective and that, largely though not entirely, it determines the cryptic habitat/morph frequency relationships, such visual selection in turfy habitats being less influential. By using Fisher’s maximum likelihood method, the frequencies of the supergenes and genes that are responsible for the principal features of the shell polymorphism of C. acuta are computed from the sample data already recorded. An analysis of these frequencies in relation to habitat and to latitude shows certain supergenes and genes frequencies to be related to habitat, irrespective of latitude; others to latitude irrespective of habitat type. A third category is independent of both. These relationships are attributed to selection of at least three kinds, identified respectively by being related to habitat type, to latitude and to neither. Visual predation, which consistently favours an absence of banding in sandy habitats, irrespective of latitude is probably the major influence of selection related to habitat. Latitude-related selection, which acts very strongly against the supergene CO 00 in all types of habitat in northern latitudes, though progressively less in southern ones, is probably due to certain aspects of climate. These two kinds of selection appear to underlie most, but not all, of the supergene and gene frequency distributions within the range investigated. The exceptions are those determining the banded forms, which are discontinuously opaque. Gene interaction of sufficient strength to surpass the effects of other selective factors is suggested.

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