Arthropod diversity in necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti (Cactaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Castrezana ◽  
Therese Ann Markow
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
North America ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
Stenocereus Thurberi ◽  
Pachycereus Pringlei ◽  
Organ Pipe ◽  
Host Characteristics

AbstractWe compared the insect and arachnid species found in spring and summer samples of necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti, cardón [Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britten and Rose], organ-pipe (Stenocereus thurberi Buxb.), and senita [Lophocereus schottii (Engelm.) Britten and Rose] (all Cactaceae), endemic to the Sonoran Desert of North America. A total of 9380 arthropods belonging to 34 species, 23 families, 10 orders, and 2 classes were collected in 36 samples. Arthropod communities differed in composition among host cacti, as well as between seasons. These differences may be a function of variation in host characteristics, such as chemical composition and abiotic factors, such as water content or temperature.

scholarly journals In Vitro Propagation of Three Species of Columnar Cacti from the Sonoran Desert

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Pérez-Molphe-Balch ◽  
Martha Evelia Pérez-Reyes ◽  
Carlos Antonio Dávila-Figueroa ◽  
Enrique Villalobos-Amador
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Stenocereus Thurberi ◽  
Basal Media

In vitro propagation systems were developed for Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt & Rose, Pachycereus pringlei (Berger) Britt & Rose and Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxb, three North American species of columnar cacti. In vitro germinated seedlings were used as a source of explants. Multiple shoot formation from areoles was achieved for three types of explants (apical, lateral, and transverse) cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media supplemented with 3% sucrose, 10 g·L-1 agar and various treatments with growth regulators. The highest shoot production efficiency for C. gigantea was obtained on transverse explants cultured on a medium with 2 mg·μmL-1 (8.87 μm) BA, where 5.3 shoots per explant were obtained. In P. pringlei and S. thurberi the best response was obtained using transverse explants on medium with 1 mg·L-1 (4.44 μm) BA (3.8 and 4.3 shoots per explant, respectively). Rooting of the in vitro generated shoots was achieved most efficiently on MS basal media with 3% sucrose, 10 g·L-1 agar and 1 mg·L-1 (4.9 μm) indole-3-butyric acid. Rooting frequencies were 92%, 88%, and 96% for C. gigantea, P. pringlei and S. thurberi, respectively, and the frequency of survival of the plants once transferred to soil was 86% on average. Chemical name used: benzyladenine (BA).

Pichia pseudocactophila, a new species of yeast occurring in necrotic tissue of columnar cacti in the North American Sonoran Desert

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1314-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Holzschu ◽  
Herman J. Phaff ◽  
Joanne Tredick ◽  
Dennis Hedgecock
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
The North ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Pachycereus Pringlei ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Enzyme Patterns

A description is given of Pichia pseudocactophila, a new species of yeast which is closely related to Pichia cactophila. Pichia pseudocactophila is heterothallic and produces four-spored asci, whereas P. cactophila is homothallic and its asci contain a maximum of two spores. Their morphological and physiological properties and G + C contents of their nuclear deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) are similar, but the DNA of P. pseudocactophila shows only 35% homology with the DNA of P. cactophila. In addition, strains of P. pseudocactophila have electrophoretic enzyme patterns for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase-1, hexokinase-2, and phosphoglucomutase that allow them to be distinguished from P. cactophila strains. Lastly, P. pseudocactophila has been found only in rotting tissue of columnar cacti (Pachycereus pringlei and close relatives) in Mexico and southern Arizona, whereas P. cactophila is a host-plant generalist and is distributed worldwide in all cactus species so far investigated.

scholarly journals A Distinctive and Host-Restricted Gut Microbiota in Populations of a Cactophilic Drosophila Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent G. Martinson ◽  
Javier Carpinteyro-Ponce ◽  
Nancy A. Moran ◽  
Therese A. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Insect Gut ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Bacterial Groups

ABSTRACT Almost all animals possess gut microbial communities, but the nature of these communities varies immensely. For example, in social bees and mammals, the composition is relatively constant within species and is dominated by specialist bacteria that do not live elsewhere; in laboratory studies and field surveys of Drosophila melanogaster, however, gut communities consist of bacteria that are ingested with food and that vary widely among individuals and localities. We addressed whether an ecological specialist in its natural habitat has a microbiota dominated by gut specialists or by environmental bacteria. Drosophila nigrospiracula is a species that is endemic to the Sonoran Desert and is restricted to decaying tissues of two giant columnar cacti, Pachycereus pringlei (cardón cactus) and Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro cactus). We found that the D. nigrospiracula microbiota differs strikingly from that of the cactus tissue on which the flies feed. The most abundant bacteria in the flies are rare or completely absent in the cactus tissue and are consistently abundant in flies from different cacti and localities. Several of these fly-associated bacterial groups, such as the bacterial order Orbales and the genera Serpens and Dysgonomonas, have been identified in prior surveys of insects from the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, including several Drosophila species. Although the functions of these bacterial groups are mostly unexplored, Orbales species studied in bees are known to break down plant polysaccharides and use the resulting sugars. Thus, these bacterial groups appear to be specialized to the insect gut environment, where they may colonize through direct host-to-host transmission in natural settings. IMPORTANCE Flies in the genus Drosophila have become laboratory models for microbiota research, yet the bacteria commonly used in these experiments are rarely found in wild-caught flies and instead represent bacteria also present in the food. This study shows that an ecologically specialized Drosophila species possesses a distinctive microbiome, composed of bacterial types absent from the flies' natural food but widespread in other wild-caught insects. This study highlights the importance of fieldwork-informed microbiota research.

scholarly journals Source identification and airborne chemical characterisation of aerosol pollution from long-range transport over Greenland during POLARCAT summer campaign 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 10097-10123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmale ◽  
J. Schneider ◽  
G. Ancellet ◽  
B. Quennehen ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Aitken Mode

Abstract. We deployed an aerosol mass spectrometer during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) summer campaign in Greenland in June/July 2008 on the research aircraft ATR-42. Online size resolved chemical composition data of submicron aerosol were collected up to 7.6 km altitude in the region 60 to 71° N and 40 to 60° W. Biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel combustion (FF) plumes originating from North America, Asia, Siberia and Europe were sampled. Transport pathways of detected plumes included advection below 700 hPa, air mass uplifting in warm conveyor belts, and high altitude transport in the upper troposphere. By means of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, trace gas analysis of O3 and CO, particle size distributions and aerosol chemical composition 48 pollution events were identified and classified into five chemically distinct categories. Aerosol from North American BB consisted of 22% particulate sulphate, while with increasing anthropogenic and Asian influence aerosol in Asian FF dominated plumes was composed of up to 37% sulphate category mean value. Overall, it was found that the organic matter fraction was larger (85%) in pollution plumes than for background conditions (71%). Despite different source regions and emission types the particle oxygen to carbon ratio of all plume classes was around 1 indicating low-volatility highly oxygenated aerosol. The volume size distribution of out-of-plume aerosol showed markedly smaller modes than all other distributions with two Aitken mode diameters of 24 and 43 nm and a geometric standard deviation σg of 1.12 and 1.22, respectively, while another very broad mode was found at 490 nm (σg = 2.35). Nearly pure BB particles from North America exhibited an Aitken mode at 66 nm (σg = 1.46) and an accumulation mode diameter of 392 nm (σg = 1.76). An aerosol lifetime, including all processes from emission to detection, in the range between 7 and 11 days was derived for North American emissions.

Patterns of abundance and population structure of Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae), a columnar cactus of the Sonoran Desert

Plant Ecology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Medel-Narvaez ◽  
José Luis Leon de la Luz ◽  
Francisco Freaner-Martinez ◽  
Francisco Molina-Freaner
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Columnar Cactus ◽  
Pachycereus Pringlei

scholarly journals Resistance Genes in the rp1 Region of Maize Effective Against Puccinia sorghi Virulent on the Rp1-D Gene in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald K. Pataky ◽  
Molly C. Pate ◽  
Scot H. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
North American ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
Rust Resistance Genes

Resistance in sweet corn conferred by the Rp1-D gene has controlled common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi, in North American corn for nearly 15 years. Eleven isolates of P. sorghi virulent on corn with the Rp1-D gene were collected from Rp-resistant corn in 1999 from Wiscon-sin, Illinois, New York, and Minnesota. Isolates were increased on susceptible sweet corn. Urediniospores of nine isolates were bulked. Reactions of individual Rp genes in the rp1 region and reactions of linked combinations of Rp genes in the rp1 region (i.e., compound rust resistance genes) were evaluated against the bulked population of P. sorghi in several greenhouse trials. Reactions of individual and compound Rp genes also were evaluated against individual isolates of P. sorghi. Each trial contained at least two replicates of several lines with Rp genes and one susceptible check. Five to 10 two-leaved seedlings per line were inoculated at least twice with a suspension of urediniospores. Ten days after inoculation, rust reactions were rated:+ = sporulating uredinia, - = no sporulating uredinia, and I = chlorotic or necrotic tissue surrounding small uredinia. Four single genes, Rp1-E, Rp-G, Rp1-I, and Rp1-K, and eight compound genes, Rp1-JFC, Rp1-JC, Rp-GI, Rp-G5, Rp-GDJ, Rp-G5JD, Rp-G5JC, and Rp-GFJ, conferred resistance. Additional characterization of virulence in North American populations of P. sorghi that are avirulent against Rp1-D is necessary to determine if these genes will be as widely effective as the Rp1-D gene has been. Two subpopulations of P. sorghi were detected from the bulked population after it was sequentially cultured for at least five cycles on seedlings with Rp1-C or with Rp1-J. The subpopulation cultured on Rp1-J was avirulent on lines with Rp1-C/L/N, Rp1-B, and Rp1-M; whereas the subpopulation cultured on Rp1-C was virulent on lines with each of these genes. Both subpopulations were virulent on lines with Rp1-D.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae:Culexspp.) from the Sonoran Desert of North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Pfeiler ◽  
Carlos A. Flores-López ◽  
Jesús Gerardo Mada-Vélez ◽  
Juan Escalante-Verdugo ◽  
Therese A. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Unidentified Species

The population genetics and phylogenetic relationships ofCulexmosquitoes inhabiting the Sonoran Desert region of North America were studied using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) from mosquitoes collected over a wide geographic area, including the Baja California peninsula, and mainland localities in southern Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico, showed several well-supported partitions corresponding toCx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis,and two unidentified species,Culexsp. 1 and sp. 2.Culex quinquefasciatuswas found at all localities and was the most abundant species collected.Culex tarsaliswas collected only at Tucson, Arizona and Guaymas, Sonora. The two unidentified species ofCulexwere most abundant at Navojoa in southern Sonora. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the COI gene segment were substantially lower inCx. quinquefasciatuscompared with the other three species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed little structure among seven populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus, whereas significant structure was found between the two populations ofCx. tarsalis. Evidence for an historical population expansion beginning in the Pleistocene was found forCx. tarsalis. Possible explanations for the large differences in genetic diversity betweenCx. quinquefasciatusand the other species ofCulexare presented.

Proximate Composition, Protein Quality and Oil Composition in Seeds of Columnar Cacti from the Sonoran Desert

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ortega-Nieblas ◽  
Francisco Molina-Freaner ◽  
Marı&́a del Refugio Robles-Burguenño ◽  
Luz Vázquez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Columnar Cacti
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