scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae:Culexspp.) from the Sonoran Desert of North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Pfeiler ◽  
Carlos A. Flores-López ◽  
Jesús Gerardo Mada-Vélez ◽  
Juan Escalante-Verdugo ◽  
Therese A. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Unidentified Species

The population genetics and phylogenetic relationships ofCulexmosquitoes inhabiting the Sonoran Desert region of North America were studied using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) from mosquitoes collected over a wide geographic area, including the Baja California peninsula, and mainland localities in southern Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico, showed several well-supported partitions corresponding toCx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis,and two unidentified species,Culexsp. 1 and sp. 2.Culex quinquefasciatuswas found at all localities and was the most abundant species collected.Culex tarsaliswas collected only at Tucson, Arizona and Guaymas, Sonora. The two unidentified species ofCulexwere most abundant at Navojoa in southern Sonora. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the COI gene segment were substantially lower inCx. quinquefasciatuscompared with the other three species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed little structure among seven populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus, whereas significant structure was found between the two populations ofCx. tarsalis. Evidence for an historical population expansion beginning in the Pleistocene was found forCx. tarsalis. Possible explanations for the large differences in genetic diversity betweenCx. quinquefasciatusand the other species ofCulexare presented.

Geographic patterns of genetic diversity in North American trees: a continent-wide analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Gougherty
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Dispersal Traits ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

In the northern hemisphere, many species have been reported to have greater genetic diversity in southern populations than northern populations - ostensibly due to migration northward following the last glacial maximum (LGM). The generality of this pattern, while well-established for some taxa, remains unclear for North American trees. To address this issue, I collected published population genetics data for 73 North American tree species, and tested whether genetic diversity was associated with latitude or longitude and whether geographic trends were associated with dispersal traits, range or study characteristics. I found there were no general geographic patterns in genetic diversity, and the strength of the geographic gradients were not associated with any species or study characteristics. Species in the northern and western regions of North America tended to have more species with genetic diversity that declined with latitude, but most species had no significant trend. This work shows that North American trees have complex, individualistic, patterns of genetic diversity that may negate explanation by any particular dispersal trait or range characteristic.

scholarly journals Population structure and demographic history of the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Song ◽  
Shijie Bao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xinkang Bao ◽  
Bei An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Population History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chukar Partridge

Abstract Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in extant species. Although the effects of recent glacial cycles on genetic diversity have been well studied on species in Europe and North America, genetic legacy of species in the Pleistocene in north and northwest of China where glaciations was not synchronous with the ice sheet development in the Northern Hemisphere or or had little or no ice cover during the glaciations’ period, remains poorly understood. Here we used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the chukar partridge Alec-toris chukar in north and northwest China. A 1,152 – 1,154 bp portion of the mtDNA CR were sequenced for all 279 specimens and a total number of 91 haplotypes were defined by 113 variable sites. High levels of gene flow were found and gene flow estimates were greater than 1 for most population pairs in our study. The AMOVA analysis showed that 81% and 16% of the total genetic variability was found within populations and among populations within groups, respectively. The demographic history of chukar was examined using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses and results indicated Late Pleistocene population expansion. Results revealed that most populations of chukar experienced population expansion during 0.027 ? 0.06 Ma. These results are at odds with the results found in Europe and North America, where population expansions occurred after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 0.023 to 0.018 Ma). Our results are not consistent with the results from avian species of Tibetan Plateau, either, where species experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciation period (0.5 to 0.175 Ma).

A PCR primer set for determination of phylogenetic relationships of Bursaphelenchus species within the xylophilus group

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Eurasian Continent ◽  
Dna Base ◽  
Base Sequences ◽  
Free Living Nematode

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus with B. abruptus, B. fraudulentus, B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus species were analysed based on the DNA base sequences of 18S, 5.8S, ITS1 and ITS2 of rDNA and the partial code of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The monophyly of B. abruptus and the other species in the xylophilus group was not supported, and B. abruptus could be excluded from the xylophilus group. The other species, i.e ., B. conicaudatus, B. fraudulentus, B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus were assumed to be monophyletic. The ancestor of these four species is assumed to have originated in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent as a free-living nematode inhabiting broad-leaved trees. First, B. conicaudatus branched from the ancestor in eastern Asia. Then B. fraudulentus and B. mucronatus separated from the ancestor. B. mucronatus changed its host from broad-leaved trees to conifers and spread throughout the coniferous forest over the Eurasian continent and North America. B. xylophilus might originate from a population of B. mucronatus remaining in North America after B. mucronatus had diversified.

scholarly journals Temporal genetic variation and dispersal patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in three different climatic regions of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Gao ◽  
Hengduan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxia Guo ◽  
Dan Xing ◽  
YanDe Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background:Aedes albopictus is an indigenous primary vector for Dengue and Zika viruses in China. Compared with its insecticide resistance, biology, and vector competence, little is known about its genetic variation, which corresponds to environmental variations. Thus, the present study examines how Ae. albopictus varies among different climatic regions in China and deciphers its potential dispersal patterns.Methods:The genetic variation and population structure of 17 Ae. albopictus populations collected from three climatic regions of China were investigated with 11 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial COI gene.Results:Of 44 isolated microsatellite markers, 11 pairs were chosen for genotyping analysis and had an average PIC value of 0.713, representing high polymorphism. The number of alleles was high in each population, with the ne value increasing from the temperate region (3.876) to the tropical region (4.144). Twenty-five COI haplotypes were detected, and the highest diversity was observed in the tropical region. The mean Ho value (ca. 0.557) of all the regions was significantly lower than the mean He value (ca. 0.684), with nearly all populations significantly departing from HWE and displaying significant population expansion (p-value < 0.05). Two genetically isolated groups and three haplotype clades were evaluated via STRUCTURE and haplotype phylogenetic analyses, and the tropical populations were significantly isolated from those in the other regions. Most genetic variation in Ae. albopictus was detected within populations and individuals at 31.40% and 63.04%, respectively, via the AMOVA test, and a relatively significant positive correlation was observed among only the temperate populations via IBD analysis (R2 = 0.6614, p = 0.048). Recent dispersions were observed among different Ae. albopictus populations, and four major migration trends with high gene flow (Nm>0.4) were reconstructed between the tropical region and the other two regions. Environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic diversity in different climatic regions.Conclusions:Continuous dispersion contributes to the similarity of Ae. albopictus populations across different climatic regions, and environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic variation.

New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Gates ◽  
Eric Gorscak ◽  
Peter J. Makovicky
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
North America ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Unidentified Species

AbstractCretaceous aquatic ecosystems were amazingly diverse, containing most clades of extant aquatic vertebrates as well as an array of sharks and rays not present today. Here we report on the chondrichthyan fauna from the late Maastrichtian site that yielded the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton FMNH PF 2081 (“SUE”). Significant among the recovered fauna is an unidentified species of carcharhinid shark that adds to the fossil record of this family in the Cretaceous, aligning with estimates from molecular evidence of clade originations. Additionally, a new orectolobiform shark, here named Galagadon nordquistae n. gen. n. sp., is diagnosed on the basis on several autapomorphies from over two-dozen teeth. Common chondrichthyan species found at the “SUE” locality include Lonchidion selachos and Myledaphus pustulosus. Two phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference) based on twelve original dental character traits combined with 136 morphological traits from a prior study of 28 fossil and extant taxa, posited Galagadon n. gen. in two distinct positions: as part of a clade inclusive of the fossil species Cretorectolobus olsoni and Cederstroemia triangulata plus extant orectolobids from the Maximum Parsimony analysis; and as the sister taxon to all extant hemiscyllids from the Bayesian Inference. Model-based biogeographical reconstructions based on both optimal trees suggest rapid island hopping-style dispersal from the Western Pacific to the Western Interior Seaway of North America where Galagadon n. gen. lived. Alternatively, the next preferred model posits a broader, near-global distribution of Orectolobiformes with Galagadon n. gen. dispersing into its geographic position from this large ancestral range.UUID: http://zoobank.org/61e32ffc-4f87-4ff7-820d-0bb33a80f0a0

scholarly journals Impact of Population Expansion on Genetic Diversity and Structure of River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Central North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Brandt ◽  
Adam L. Brandt ◽  
Frank K. Ammer ◽  
Alfred L. Roca ◽  
Thomas L. Serfass
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Lontra Canadensis ◽  
River Otters ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure

scholarly journals Dispersal patterns and population genetic structure of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in three different climatic regions of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Gao ◽  
Heng-Duan Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Xia Guo ◽  
Dan Xing ◽  
Yan-De Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is an indigenous primary vector for dengue and Zika viruses in China. Compared with its insecticide resistance, biology and vector competence, little is known about its genetic variation, which corresponds to environmental variations. Thus, the present study examines how Ae. albopictus varies among different climatic regions in China and deciphers its potential dispersal patterns. Methods The genetic variation and population structure of 17 Ae. albopictus populations collected from three climatic regions of China were investigated with 11 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial coxI gene. Results Of 44 isolated microsatellite markers, 11 pairs were chosen for genotyping analysis and had an average PIC value of 0.713, representing high polymorphism. The number of alleles was high in each population, with the ne value increasing from the temperate region (3.876) to the tropical region (4.144). Twenty-five coxI haplotypes were detected, and the highest diversity was observed in the tropical region. The mean Ho value (ca. 0.557) of all the regions was significantly lower than the mean He value (ca. 0.684), with nearly all populations significantly departing from HWE and displaying significant population expansion (p value < 0.05). Two genetically isolated groups and three haplotype clades were evaluated via STRUCTURE and haplotype phylogenetic analyses, and the tropical populations were significantly isolated from those in the other regions. Most genetic variation in Ae. albopictus was detected within populations and individuals at 31.40 and 63.04%, respectively, via the AMOVA test, and a relatively significant positive correlation was observed among only the temperate populations via IBD analysis (R2 = 0.6614, p = 0.048). Recent dispersions were observed among different Ae. albopictus populations, and four major migration trends with high gene flow (Nm > 0.4) were reconstructed between the tropical region and the other two regions. Environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic diversity in different climatic regions. Conclusions Continuous dispersion contributes to the genetic communication of Ae. albopictus populations across different climatic regions, and environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic variation. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Limited Genetic Structure of Gypsy Moth Populations Reflecting a Recent History in Europe

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Lacković ◽  
Milan Pernek ◽  
Coralie Bertheau ◽  
Damjan Franjević ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure And Diversity

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a prominent polyphagous species native to Eurasia, causes severe impacts in deciduous forests during irregular periodical outbreaks. This study aimed to describe the genetic structure and diversity among European gypsy moth populations. Analysis of about 500 individuals using a partial region of the mitochondrial COI gene, L. dispar was characterized by low genetic diversity, limited population structure, and strong evidence that all extant haplogroups arose via a single Holocene population expansion event. Overall 60 haplotypes connected to a single parsimony network were detected and genetic diversity was highest for the coastal populations Croatia, Italy, and France, while lowest in continental populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulted in three groups that were geographically located in Central Europe, Dinaric Alps, and the Balkan Peninsula. In addition to recent events, the genetic structure reflects strong gene flow and the ability of gypsy moth to feed on about 400 deciduous and conifer species. Distinct genetic groups were detected in populations from Georgia. This remote population exhibited haplotypes intermediate to the European L. dispar dispar, Asian L. dispar asiatica, and L. dispar japonica clusters, highlighting this area as a possible hybridization zone of this species for future studies applying genomic approaches.

The genetic structure of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Colombia by means of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1072-1090
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Jessica Yanina Arias Vásquez ◽  
Héctor Restrepo ◽  
Carlos Herney Cáceres-Martínez ◽  
Joseph Mark Shostell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Population Decrease ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Show Evidence

Abstract The spectacled bear (Ursidae: Tremarctos ornatus) is an emblematic umbrella species and one of the top carnivores in the Andean mountains. It is also listed as vulnerable by IUCN and as endangered by CITES. We analyzed the genetic structure of this species in nine geographical regions representing the three Andean Cordilleras in Colombia. We sequenced six mitochondrial genes in 115 spectacled bears; a subset of these specimens (n = 61) were genotyped at seven nuclear microsatellites. We addressed three objectives: 1) determine the genetic diversity and historical demographic changes of the spectacled bear in Colombia; 2) determine phylogeographic patterns of genetic divergence among spectacled bear populations in Colombia; and 3) estimate the levels of gene flow among different regions of Colombia. Our analyses show evidence of high mitochondrial genetic diversity in spectacled bears, both in Colombia as well as in each of the nine regions, most particularly Norte de Santander, Nariño, and Antioquia-Córdoba. In addition, we detected population expansion in Colombia that occurred around 24,000 years ago, followed by a population decrease during the last 7,000 years, and a sudden expansion in the last 300 years. Phylogenetic analyses showed few well-supported clades, with some haplotypes detected in all the departments and Colombian Andean Cordilleras, and other haplotypes restricted to certain geographical areas (Antioquia, Norte de Santander, Cundinamarca, and Nariño). We detected significant genetic heterogeneity among some departments and among the three Colombian Andean Cordilleras for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Nevertheless, the moderate levels of gene flow estimated from FST statistics suggest that geographical barriers have not been definitive obstacles to the dispersion of the spectacled bear throughout Colombia. Despite these gene flow estimates, significant spatial autocorrelation was detected for spectacled bear in Colombia, where two kinds of spatial patterns were discovered: genetic patches of 144 km of diameter, and isolation by distance among bears separated from 578 to 800 km. The two most northern spectacled bear populations of Colombia (Norte de Santander and Antioquia) also were the two most differentiated. Their distinctiveness may qualify them as distinct Management Units (MUs) in the context of conservation policies for the spectacled bear in Colombia.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Culicoides stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Southeastern United States Compared With Sequences From Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1324-1327
Author(s):  
Phillip Shults ◽  
Alphina Ho ◽  
Estelle M Martin ◽  
Bethany L McGregor ◽  
Edward L Vargo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease

Abstract Much of the bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) research in North America focuses on white-tail deer and Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), though several other biting midge species have been suggested as vectors. Culicoides stellifer (Coquillett) has been associated with hosts susceptible to hemorrhagic disease (HD), and more recently, specimens from Florida have tested positive for EHD and BT viral RNA. If C. stellifer is acting as a vector, this could have an impact on the distribution of HD in North America. To determine if gene flow is occurring across the range of C. stellifer within the southeast United States, a mitochondrial haplotype analysis was performed using the COI gene. Our haplotype network showed no population structure in C. stellifer from Florida, Texas, and South Carolina, as the overall genetic divergence between these sites was equal to the genetic divergence within each. We also compared these haplotypes to published sequences of C. stellifer collected in Ontario, Canada. Surprisingly, the genetic diversity of the flies from Ontario was two times greater than what was observed between the southeast U.S. collection sites. This considerable divergence could be evidence of a cryptic species. A better understanding of the connectivity between C. stellifer populations across all of North America will give insight into the distribution of HD. Our results show that gene flow is occurring between sites in the southeastern United States and potentially throughout the eastern distribution of the species.

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