THE COMMUNITY OF MACROLEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE AT COOPER’S ROCK STATE FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA: A BASELINE STUDY

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Butler
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Baseline Study ◽  
Total Species

AbstractDuring 1984 and 1985 macrolepidopterous larvae were collected by pole pruning of foliage of black birch, mixed oaks, black cherry, and red maple at Cooper’s Rock State Forest in northern West Virginia. A total of 3027 larvae representing 100 species in 14 families was collected. The most abundant species were the noctuids Polia latex (Gn.) and Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.), and the geometrids Probole amicaria (H.-S.), Itame pustularia (Gn.), and Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.). Of the 100 total species of larvae, 43 were recorded from birch, 61 from mixed oaks, 63 from black cherry, and 57 from red maple.

scholarly journals Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.

Damage to Residual Trees after Cable Logging in Northern Hardwoods

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Cable Yarding ◽  
Cable Logging ◽  
Made In

Abstract Damage to residual trees after cable logging was observed in two northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania. In the first stand, primarily red maple and black cherry, only 8% (by basal area) sustained major damage. Felling was the major source of damage, as the amount due to yarding was negligible. The second stand, a mix of red maple, red oak, and black birch, sustained 10% major damage. The results were similar to observations made in West Virginia, and support the effort to use cable yarding for partial cuts in hardwood stands. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):15-17

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Precommercial Thinning

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

scholarly journals Comparison of Prediction Equations for Estimating Inside Bark Diameters for Yellow-Poplar, Red Maple, and Red Pine in West Virginia

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks ◽  
Lichun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nonlinear Prediction ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Taper Function ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The ability to predict inside bark diameters was investigated using taper data for red maple, red pine and yellow-poplar from several stands in West Virginia. Inside bark estimates were based on Grosenbaugh's STX prediction equations, a segmented polynomial taper function fitted to inside bark diameter data, an existing polynomial prediction equation published for several hardwood species in this region and a nonlinear prediction equation fitted to the taper data. Grosenbaugh's STX is a computer program for processing tree measurements and includes three equations to allow flexibility and greater accuracy in predicting inside bark upper stem diameters. The nonlinear equation had the smallest overall prediction error in almost all cases investigated. The taper function had the largest error but does not require knowledge of the specific upper stem outside bark diameter. No single STX bark option was found to be optimal for all species or for a single species from two different geographic regions.

Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.

scholarly journals Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
James E. Johnson ◽  
David Wm. Smith ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Tree Damage ◽  
Stem Injection ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low Volume

Abstract Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled.After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of Appalachian hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):46–54.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Green lumber grade yields from black cherry and red maple factory grade logs sawed at band and circular mills

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1436-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Yaussy
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Inventory Systems ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Lumber Grade

Multivariate regression models were developed to predict green board-foot yields (1 board ft. = 2.360 dm3) for the standard factory lumber grades processed from black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) factory grade logs sawed at band and circular sawmills. The models use log measurements of grade, scaling diameter, length, and proportion of scaling defect. They can be used in computer programs related to sawmill simulations, economic modeling, or log-yard inventory systems.

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