scholarly journals Black cherry : its abundance, quality, and rate of growth in oak-hickory and cove forests of West Virginia

1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Carvell ◽  
C. B. Knoch
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Cove Forests

scholarly journals Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
James E. Johnson ◽  
David Wm. Smith ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Tree Damage ◽  
Stem Injection ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low Volume

Abstract Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled.After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of Appalachian hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):46–54.

scholarly journals Preharvest Manual Herbicide Treatments for Controlling American Beech in Central West Virginia

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽  
James N. Kochenderfer ◽  
David A. Warner ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of ≥6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac ≥6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288.10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from <1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stem herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topography and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia.

scholarly journals Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.

Damage to Residual Trees after Cable Logging in Northern Hardwoods

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Cable Yarding ◽  
Cable Logging ◽  
Made In

Abstract Damage to residual trees after cable logging was observed in two northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania. In the first stand, primarily red maple and black cherry, only 8% (by basal area) sustained major damage. Felling was the major source of damage, as the amount due to yarding was negligible. The second stand, a mix of red maple, red oak, and black birch, sustained 10% major damage. The results were similar to observations made in West Virginia, and support the effort to use cable yarding for partial cuts in hardwood stands. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):15-17

scholarly journals Gum spots caused by cambium miners in black cherry in West Virginia

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Rexrode ◽  
John E. Baumgras
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Black Cherry

THE COMMUNITY OF MACROLEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE AT COOPER’S ROCK STATE FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA: A BASELINE STUDY

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Butler
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Baseline Study ◽  
Total Species

AbstractDuring 1984 and 1985 macrolepidopterous larvae were collected by pole pruning of foliage of black birch, mixed oaks, black cherry, and red maple at Cooper’s Rock State Forest in northern West Virginia. A total of 3027 larvae representing 100 species in 14 families was collected. The most abundant species were the noctuids Polia latex (Gn.) and Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.), and the geometrids Probole amicaria (H.-S.), Itame pustularia (Gn.), and Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.). Of the 100 total species of larvae, 43 were recorded from birch, 61 from mixed oaks, 63 from black cherry, and 57 from red maple.

scholarly journals Six-Year Development of Regenerating Natural Hardwood Stands with HerbaceousWeed Control

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. McGill ◽  
Bruce B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Rubus Species ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract A study was established to examine the effects of herbaceous weed control (HWC) on the development of natural hardwood stands in southeastern West Virginia. In two Appalachian mixed hardwood stands, HWC treatments, consisting of Oust (4 oz/ac) or Oust (4 oz/ac) + Escort (1 oz/ac), were applied prior to budbreak during the first or second growing season after clearcutting. Fern and Rubus species dominated the herbaceous plant cover in the first 3 yr following treatment. Oust + Escort plots had significantly less total herbaceous plant cover than the check plots in the first 2 yr. Mean plot-level treatment effects were significant only in one of the two stands. Sixth-year average tree heights on HWC plots at one site were greater than those on the check plots, and ranged from 11.4 ft (Oust + Escort) to 9.2 ft (check). Six-year heights of tagged stems were greater for Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri Walt.) on HWC plots. Although black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) had the greatest extent of crown damage from the herbicide treatments initially, average heights of tagged black cherry stems in both stands ranked higher on the HWC plots than on the check plots.

Distribution of Gum Spots by Causal Agent in Black Cherry and Effects On Log and Tree Quality

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
C. O. Rexrode ◽  
J. E. Baumgras
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Tree Quality

Abstract Gum spots were studied in 116 black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees in West Virginia. Bark beetles are the major cause of gum spots in both black cherry poletimber and sawtimber trees. Approximately 90 percent of all gum spots in the bole sections are caused by bark beetles. Cambium miners cause few gum spots in the lower 6 m of the trees and virtually none in the quality zone. Bark beetle-caused gum spots are grade defects in both veneer and factory grade sawlogs. Cambium miner-caused gum spots cause little degrade in veneer logs and none in factory grade 1 and 2 sawlogs.

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