ENGRAVER BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: IPS SPECIES) AS VECTORS OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1355-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Fox ◽  
D.L. Wood ◽  
C.S. Koehler ◽  
S.T. O’Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
New Association

AbstractIps mexicanus (Hopkins) and I. paraconfusus Lanier can transmit a frugal pathogen that causes pitch canker [Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw, and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, andMarasas], a disease recently identified in Monterey pines (Pirns radiata D. Don) in California. In Santa Cruz County, F. subglutinans was recovered from Ips spp. that emerged from pitch canker-in fee ted P. radiata and were captured in multiple-funnel traps baited with racemic Ips spp. pheromones. Ips paraconfusus adults experimentally contaminated with propagules of the fungus transmitted it to seedlings and mature pines. Field transmission was demonstrated when cankers were produced following pheromone-induced beetle attacks on pines. Ips spp. inoculated F. subglutinans into pine slash, thus creating reservoirs of this fungus. Larvae, pupae, and young adults acquired the fungus when their parents introduced it into logs. Ips spp. progeny production and development were not significantly altered by the fungus. In proximity to other bark beetle-associated fungi, growth of F. subglutinans was reduced and patchy. A new association may be developing among native Ips spp. and F. subglutinans.

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ENGRAVER BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: IPS SPECIES) ON MONTEREY PINES INFECTED WITH PITCH CANKER

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Fox ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Carlton S. Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Pine Stands

AbstractPitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, and Marasas, a pine pathogen recently identified in California, may increase the distribution and abundance of Ips spp. on Monterey pines in Santa Cruz Co., CA. In all pine stands, Ips spp. tunneled into healthy branches and boles. Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) was the most abundant engraver beetle observed, followed by I. paraconfusus Lanier; I. plastographus (LeConte) was rare. Ips mexicanus was routinely captured in traps baited with racemic I. paraconfusus pheromone. During die winter, I. mexicanus excavated mass feeding cavities in shade-suppressed branches. In uninfected stands, 3% of the trees and only 0.3% of the branches were mass-attacked. In severely infected stands, 47% of the top one-third of the trees, 3% of all branches, and 91% of the branches declining due to infection by F. subglutinans were mass-attacked by Ips spp. On pitch canker-infected trees, I. mexicanus attacked cones and stems <1 cm in diameter. Sixty percent of the attacks on logs occurred inside or within 5 cm of the area covered with pitch canker-induced resin. When confined with logs, 45% of I. paraconfusus tunneled in or near pitch canker-induced resinous areas,21% near fresh chisel wounds, and 19% near resinous material produced by the Sequoia pitch moth. Synanthedon sequoiae (Hy. Edwards).

scholarly journals Monterey pine forest made a remarkable recovery from pitch canker

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Gordon Thomas R. ◽  
Reynolds Gregory J. ◽  
Kirkpatrick Sharon C. ◽  
Storer Andrew J. ◽  
Wood David L. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
Monterey Peninsula ◽  
Observation Period

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) is a species of limited distribution, with three native populations in California. In 1986, a disease known as pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, was identified as the cause of extensive mortality in planted Monterey pines in Santa Cruz County. Monitoring studies on the Monterey Peninsula documented rapid progression of the disease in the native forest during the 1990s, with most trees sustaining some level of infection. However, between 1999 and 2013, the severity of pitch canker stabilized, with many previously diseased trees then free of symptoms, and plots monitored between 2011 and 2015 documented a steady decline in the occurrence of new infections. Consequently, whereas pitch canker was once a conspicuous visual blight in the forest, by the end of the observation period, symptomatic trees had become a rarity. The arrested development of pitch canker is suggestive of a reduction in the frequency and duration of fog near the coast, which provides conditions necessary for the pathogen to establish infections.

Late Glacial and Holocene records of tree-killing conifer bark beetles in Europe and North America: Implications for forest disturbance dynamics

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Schafstall ◽  
Niina Kuosmanen ◽  
Christopher J Fettig ◽  
Miloš Knižek ◽  
Jennifer L Clear
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Fossil Records

Outbreaks of conifer bark beetles in Europe and North America have increased in scale and severity in recent decades. In this study, we identify existing fossil records containing bark beetle remains from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (~14,000 cal. yr BP) to present day using the online databases Neotoma and BugsCEP and literature searches, and compare these data with modern distribution data of selected tree-killing species. Modern-day observational data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database was used to map recorded distributions from AD 1750 to present day. A total of 53 fossil sites containing bark beetle remains, from both geological and archeological sites, were found during our searches. Fossil sites were fewer in Europe ( n = 21) than North America ( n = 32). In Europe, 29% of the samples in which remains were found were younger than 1000 cal. yr BP, while in North America, remains were mainly identified from late Glacial (~14,000–11,500 cal. yr BP) sites. In total, the fossil records contained only 8 of 20 species we consider important tree-killing bark beetles in Europe and North America based on their impacts during the last 100 years. In Europe, Ips sexdentatus was absent from the fossil record. In North America, Dendroctonus adjunctus, Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus jeffreyi, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Dryocoetes confusus, Ips calligraphus, Ips confusus, Ips grandicollis, Ips lecontei, Ips paraconfusus, and Scolytus ventralis were absent. Overall, preserved remains of tree-killing bark beetles are rare in the fossil record. However, by retrieving bulk material from new and existing sites and combining data from identified bark beetle remains with pollen, charcoal, tree rings, and geochemistry, the occurrence and dominance of bark beetles, their outbreaks, and other disturbance events can be reconstructed.

QUANTITATIVE AND SEASONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI WITH CONOPHTHORUS RADIATAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ERNOBIUS PUNCTULATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) WHICH INFEST PINUS RADIATA

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Joseph W. Fox ◽  
William E. Bros
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Instar

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the quantitative and seasonal association between the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, and two potential beetle vectors, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins and Ernobius punctulatus Fall. In samples of reared and dissected cones, 21.4 ± 2.5% of C. radiatae and 30.1 ± 8.0% of E. punctulatus adults carried propagules of F. s. pini. Seasonal variation in mean percentage of contaminated C. radiatae and E. punctulatus emerged from cones ranged from 0 to 67% and was highest for both species February through April. In sticky traps 12.5 ± 2.3% and 11.8 ± 3.6% of E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp., respectively, were contaminated with propagules of F. s. pini.Conophthorus radiatae and E. punctulatus co-occurred in 26% of the cones. The percentage of cones containing contaminated C. radiatae was greater when E. punctulatus progeny were also contaminated than when E. punctulatus was not. When contamination status of E. punctulatus was not considered, there was no significant difference in C. radiatae contamination between cones with and without E. punctulatus. Because C. radiatae appears to be a vector of the pitch canker fungus, interspecific transmission of inoculum may increase the incidence of this disease.The parasitoid, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), was frequently observed parasitizing late-instar larvae of E. punctulatus, but was not found on larvae of C. radiatae. Emergence of large numbers of C. utahensis represents another potential source of inoculum for transmission to prey species.

The response of Dendroctonus valens and Temnochila chlorodia to Ips paraconfusus pheromone components and verbenone

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
Stephen R. McKelvey ◽  
Christopher P. Dabney ◽  
Roberty R. Borys
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Dendroctonus Valens ◽  
High Release ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Temnochila Chlorodia ◽  
Cut Stumps

AbstractThe red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, 1860 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a common bark beetle found throughout much of North America and China. In 2004, we observed that attack densities of the California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus Lanier, 1970 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in logging debris were inversely related to D. valens attacks on freshly cut stumps, which led to the demonstration that components of the aggregation pheromone of I. paraconfusus inhibited the response of D. valens to attractant-baited traps. In this study, we test the response of D. valens and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim, 1843) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator, to racemic ipsenol, racemic ipsdienol, and (−)-cis-verbenol (IPSR) in the presence and absence of two release rates of (−)-verbenone. The addition of a relatively low release rate of (−)-verbenone (4 mg/24 h) to attractant-baited traps did not affect catch and had no significant effect on the response of D. valens to IPSR. IPSR significantly reduced D. valens attraction to baited traps. The addition of high release rates of (−)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) to IPSR significantly increased inhibition; however, the effect was not significantly different from that observed with (−)-verbenone alone (50 mg/24 h). Temnochila chlorodia was attracted to traps baited with (−)-β-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and (+)-α-pinene. The addition of (−)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) significantly increased attraction. Traps baited with IPSR caught significantly more T. chlorodia than those baited with (−)-verbenone. Few other beetles were collected. We are hopeful that these results will help facilitate the development of an effective tool for protecting Pinus spp. from D. valens infestations.

scholarly journals Surfactants Improve the Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Gordon ◽  
Dorothy Okamoto ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Canary Island ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Alameda County ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Japanese Black Pine ◽  
Italian Stone Pine ◽  
Stem Cankers

Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch die-back and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.

scholarly journals Female Fertility and Mating Type Distribution in a South African Population of Fusarium subglutinans f. sp.pini

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2094-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Britz ◽  
M. J. Wingfield ◽  
T. A. Coutinho ◽  
W. F. O. Marasas ◽  
J. F. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
South African Population ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Canker Disease

ABSTRACT Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini is the causal agent of pitch canker disease of pines. The initial occurrence of F. subglutinans f. sp. pini in South Africa was limited to a single nursery, and isolates from this population are capable of reproducing sexually. We determined the effective population number, Ne , of this population by using mating type and male/hermaphrodite polymorphisms as indicators. The effective population number for mating type, Ne(mt) , is 99% of the count (total population), and that for male/hermaphrodite status, Ne(f) , is 42 to 46% of the count (total population). The number of strains that can function as the female parent limits the effective population number of this population. If this population is stable, then, depending upon assumptions about mutation and selection, sexual reproduction need occur only once per 26 to 153 asexual generations to maintain this level of sexual fertility.

Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIps paraconfusus Lanier is a vector of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, in California. Multiple infections of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don. (Pinaceae), branches and main stems appear to predispose trees to infestation by I. paraconfusus. The effect of cankers produced in response to F. circinatum on oviposition and gallery construction was investigated. Introduction of beetles into artificially induced or naturally occurring cankers was less likely to result in oviposition and resulted in shorter galleries than introductions into logs without cankers. Of all adults that produced eggs, the mean number of eggs per adult was no different in logs with cankers than in canker-free logs; however, the distance across the grain from the introduction point to the first egg was greater for adults introduced into cankers than for adults introduced away from cankers. These results indicate that the pitch canker pathogen has a negative effect on I. paraconfusus, as cankers produced in response to the pathogen are unsuitable for exploitation by the insect.

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