SURVEY FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN SOME ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE APPLE LEAFMINER PARASITE, PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Trimble ◽  
D.J. Pree ◽  
P.M. Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Parasite Conservation ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Pholetesor Ornigis

AbstractPholetesor ornigis (Weed) from 16 orchards in seven Ontario apple production areas were tested from 1987 to 1989 to determine if their levels of resistance to permethrin and methomyl were higher than those measured earlier in two Ontario populations and if they had developed resistance to azinphosmethyl. Higher levels of resistance were not detected and there was no evidence of resistance to azinphosmethyl. Some possible reasons for the lack of higher levels of insecticide resistance and some alternatives to insecticide resistance for parasite conservation are discussed.

scholarly journals Efficient farming options for German apple growers under risk – a stochastic dominance approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren B.K. Röhrig ◽  
Bernd Hardeweg ◽  
Wolfgang Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Dominance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
The North ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Common ◽  
Production Areas

For a sustainable economic performance of apple production, the determination of efficient farming options considering production risk is crucial. Relying on a permanent crop, apple producers are less flexible to react upon disturbances. Based on data of 134 apple producers operating in the two main production areas in Germany, we compare and determine efficient production options. Furthermore, appropriate risk management instruments (RMIs) are identified using stochastic dominance criteria. In addition, we use Stochastic Efficiency with Respect to a Function to evaluate farming options for defined ranges of relative risk aversion. The results indicate that Red Prince is the most efficient variety in the north and subsidized hail insurance with frost irrigation is superior to frost irrigation as single RMI. In the south Braeburn should be chosen by rational decision makers, but the tested insurance solutions are not as efficient as the common practice of producing apple under hail nets.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of a Potential Expansion of Pest Infestation: Apple Maggot in Washington State

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Mike Willett
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is an insect pest of apple (Malus domestica) that is currently limited in extent in the commercial production areas of Washington State thanks to a quarantine program. We estimate the costs to the Washington economy if this pest were to spread more widely. Apple maggot control costs are related to the pressure of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the most prevalent insect pest in commercial apple production in Washington State. It was found that the losses for the Washington apple industry’s range from $510 million to $557 million, depending on the codling moth pressure. Our findings underscore the importance of an efficient quarantine program that minimized the risk of spreading the pest along with additional costs associated with quarantined areas.

Effect of rainfall and temperature on perithecium production of Botryosphaeria dothidea on cankered apple branches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
De-sheng Xue ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Baohua Li ◽  
Xiangming Xu ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rainfall Duration ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
June July ◽  
Production Areas

Botryosphaeria dothidea is a fungal pathogen causing canker, dieback, and fruit rot of apple trees worldwide. Ascospores are an important source of inoculum of Botryosphaeria canker in China. Experiments were conducted in both controlled and natural conditions to study perithecium formation in relation to environmental conditions. Perithecia of B. dothidea were detected on cankered lesions throughout the apple growing season except in July and in some years including August in natural conditions. On newly formed canker lesions, the first perithecium was detected as early as August, about 1 week after rainfall. Perithecia matured successively, lasting from early August to June of the following year with a peak in late September or early October. Temperature and rainfall are two key environmental factors affecting perithecium formation. In controlled conditions, perithecia were produced only on cankered shoots incubated at test temperatures of 20 and 25oC and wetted by more than 3 days simulated rainfall per week. The number of perithecia produced on canker lesions increased with the extension of rainfall duration. Perithecia were only formed on canker shoots exposed to rainfall in June, July and August but not in September. Rainfall of more than 3 days per week can be used as a predictor to predict the initial formation of perithecia in the main apple production areas in China to assist disease management.

scholarly journals Comparative Effects of Evaporative Cooling, Kaolin Particle Film, and Shade Net on Sunburn and Fruit Quality in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiregna Gindaba ◽  
Stephanie J.E. Wand
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Fruit Mass

We investigated the effects of evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN) on the control of sunburn, fruit temperature amelioration and fruit quality of `Cripps' Pink' and `Royal Gala' apples [Malus domestica Borkh.] under orchard conditions during the 2003–04 season in Stellenbosch, South Africa. On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit. SN was effective in reducing fruit temperature from mid-morning until midafternoon; KP was most effective during late morning and early afternoon but not at midday; EC was effective from late morning on days when EC was activated. SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective. The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least. EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'. We conclude that under the high radiation levels experienced in South African apple production areas, technologies which reduce irradiance as well as fruit temperature (KP, SN) are more effective in reducing sunburn than those which only reduce fruit temperature (EC). However, radiation-reducing technologies are potentially detrimental to color development on blushed apples.

scholarly journals Economic Performance of Apple Farms: A Case of Isparta and Karaman Provinces of Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842
Author(s):  
Alamettin Bayav ◽  
Bahri Karlı
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Production Areas

Apple cultivation has been done in very large areas around the world. According to FAO, approximately 87.2 million tons of apples were produced in the world in 2019. Turkey has covered 3.6 million tons of this production and ranked third in the world. In this study, the two major apple production areas for Turkey, Isparta and Karaman annual operating results of the province apples' farms, were evaluated. Data acquired by interviewing from 132 farms selected with the stratified random sampling method constituted the study's primary material. Classical economic analysis approaches were used in determining the annual operating results of the farms. The farms' financial and economic profitability rates were 8.82% and 7.78% in Isparta province, respectively, while 7.25% and 6.15% in Karaman province. The research results showed that apple farms did not have rational capital distribution, their agricultural incomes were low, and their income varied by province.

Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Export Restrictions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Human Transport

Abstract R. pomonella is an important pest in apple production and its invasion of a new apple production area would have large economic and environmental impacts, both due to control efforts and likely export restrictions. R. pomonella is an important threat to apple production areas in temperate Europe, East Asia, and New Zealand that all lack apple-infesting tephritid pests. The only known invasion is the colonization of the West Coast of the USA with a recent spillover into parts of British Columbia. The means by which R. pomonella first arrived in the Pacific Northwest are speculative, but could range from natural spread via yet-undiscovered native populations to unintended human transport via larvae in infested fruit or pupae in soil. Its restricted host-use make the apple maggot an easier target for monitoring than extremely polyphagous species such as medfly [Ceratitis capitata], but its natural host, hawthorn [Crataegus monogyna] is widespread in all temperate environments both as a native and ornamental species and could provide a difficult-to-monitor reservoir.

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