Inoculum Availability and Pathogenic Variation inBotryosphaeria dothideain Apple Production Areas of North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Variability in metribuzin tolerance among ruderal and agrestal populations of Solanum ptycanthum Dun.

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hermanutz ◽  
S. E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Production Areas

Solanum ptycanthum Dun. is an annual weed of both agrestal and ruderal habitats in southern Ontario, which is the northern limit of its distribution. Plants of S. ptycanthum are introduced annually to the tomato-production areas of Ontario via the importation of tomato transplants from Georgia and North Carolina. The objective of this study was to test for genetic differences in tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin among agrestal and ruderal populations from southwestern Ontario and agrestal populations from Georgia and North Carolina. We compared growth responses among and within populations to low (0.4 kg a.i. ha−1) and high (0.9 kg a.i. ha−1) doses of metribuzin applied postemergence in greenhouse trials. Only the Ontario agrestal populations had been previously exposed to metribuzin. Ontario populations, regardless of habitat of origin, were significantly more tolerant of low and high doses of metribuzin than Georgia populations. Ruderal populations were more susceptible than Ontario agrestal populations to the higher dose of metribuzin. North Carolina seedlings were as tolerant as Ontario agrestal populations. These results suggest a genetic basis for tolerance differences unrelated to previous exposure. Overall intra-population variability in response to metribuzin was low, although the Ontario agrestal populations showed significant within-population variability in height and leaf growth in response to low and high doses of metribuzin. This suggests that the ability to respond to selection may differ among populations. Lack of significant levels of genetically based plasticity also suggests that herbicide-dependent selection within populations would be minimal. Key words: Eastern black nightshade, metribuzin, genetic variability, Solanum ptycanthum

scholarly journals Efficient farming options for German apple growers under risk – a stochastic dominance approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren B.K. Röhrig ◽  
Bernd Hardeweg ◽  
Wolfgang Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Dominance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
The North ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Common ◽  
Production Areas

For a sustainable economic performance of apple production, the determination of efficient farming options considering production risk is crucial. Relying on a permanent crop, apple producers are less flexible to react upon disturbances. Based on data of 134 apple producers operating in the two main production areas in Germany, we compare and determine efficient production options. Furthermore, appropriate risk management instruments (RMIs) are identified using stochastic dominance criteria. In addition, we use Stochastic Efficiency with Respect to a Function to evaluate farming options for defined ranges of relative risk aversion. The results indicate that Red Prince is the most efficient variety in the north and subsidized hail insurance with frost irrigation is superior to frost irrigation as single RMI. In the south Braeburn should be chosen by rational decision makers, but the tested insurance solutions are not as efficient as the common practice of producing apple under hail nets.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of a Potential Expansion of Pest Infestation: Apple Maggot in Washington State

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Mike Willett
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is an insect pest of apple (Malus domestica) that is currently limited in extent in the commercial production areas of Washington State thanks to a quarantine program. We estimate the costs to the Washington economy if this pest were to spread more widely. Apple maggot control costs are related to the pressure of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the most prevalent insect pest in commercial apple production in Washington State. It was found that the losses for the Washington apple industry’s range from $510 million to $557 million, depending on the codling moth pressure. Our findings underscore the importance of an efficient quarantine program that minimized the risk of spreading the pest along with additional costs associated with quarantined areas.

scholarly journals Downy Mildew Resistance of the Cucumber Germplasm Collection in North Carolina Field Tests

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 450B-450
Author(s):  
Todd C. Wehner ◽  
Nischit V. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Downy Mildew Resistance ◽  
Mildew Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Production Areas

Downy mildew [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curt.) Rostov] is an important disease in most cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production areas of the world. Resistant cultivars are available, but higher levels are needed if yield losses are to be avoided. The objective of this experiment was to test all available plant introduction accessions, cultivars, and breeding lines (collectively referred to as cultigens) of cucumber for downy mildew resistance under field conditions in North Carolina. Cultigens were tested in 2 years and two replications under natural field epidemics of the disease. Mean ratings for downy mildew leaf damage ranged from 1.3 to 9.0 on a 0 to 9 scale. The most resistant nine cultigens originated from the U.S., and were primarily adapted cultivars or breeding lines. The most-resistant cultigens, for which multiple-year data were available, were Gy 4, `Clinton', PI 234517, `Poinsett 76', Gy 5, `Addis', M 21, M 27, and `Galaxy'. The most-susceptible cultigens for which multiple year data were available, were PI 288995, PI 176952, PI 178886, and PI 211985. We classified 17 cultigens as highly resistant (1.3 to 3.0), 87 as moderately resistant (3.3 to 5.0), 311 as moderately susceptible (5.3 to 7.0), and 248 as highly susceptible (7.3 to 9.0) for the 663 cultigens with multiple-year data. No plant introduction accessions were found to be more resistant than the most-resistant elite cultivars and breeding lines tested.

Effect of rainfall and temperature on perithecium production of Botryosphaeria dothidea on cankered apple branches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
De-sheng Xue ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Baohua Li ◽  
Xiangming Xu ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rainfall Duration ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
June July ◽  
Production Areas

Botryosphaeria dothidea is a fungal pathogen causing canker, dieback, and fruit rot of apple trees worldwide. Ascospores are an important source of inoculum of Botryosphaeria canker in China. Experiments were conducted in both controlled and natural conditions to study perithecium formation in relation to environmental conditions. Perithecia of B. dothidea were detected on cankered lesions throughout the apple growing season except in July and in some years including August in natural conditions. On newly formed canker lesions, the first perithecium was detected as early as August, about 1 week after rainfall. Perithecia matured successively, lasting from early August to June of the following year with a peak in late September or early October. Temperature and rainfall are two key environmental factors affecting perithecium formation. In controlled conditions, perithecia were produced only on cankered shoots incubated at test temperatures of 20 and 25oC and wetted by more than 3 days simulated rainfall per week. The number of perithecia produced on canker lesions increased with the extension of rainfall duration. Perithecia were only formed on canker shoots exposed to rainfall in June, July and August but not in September. Rainfall of more than 3 days per week can be used as a predictor to predict the initial formation of perithecia in the main apple production areas in China to assist disease management.

scholarly journals Comparative Effects of Evaporative Cooling, Kaolin Particle Film, and Shade Net on Sunburn and Fruit Quality in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiregna Gindaba ◽  
Stephanie J.E. Wand
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Fruit Mass

We investigated the effects of evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN) on the control of sunburn, fruit temperature amelioration and fruit quality of `Cripps' Pink' and `Royal Gala' apples [Malus domestica Borkh.] under orchard conditions during the 2003–04 season in Stellenbosch, South Africa. On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit. SN was effective in reducing fruit temperature from mid-morning until midafternoon; KP was most effective during late morning and early afternoon but not at midday; EC was effective from late morning on days when EC was activated. SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective. The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least. EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'. We conclude that under the high radiation levels experienced in South African apple production areas, technologies which reduce irradiance as well as fruit temperature (KP, SN) are more effective in reducing sunburn than those which only reduce fruit temperature (EC). However, radiation-reducing technologies are potentially detrimental to color development on blushed apples.

scholarly journals Economic Performance of Apple Farms: A Case of Isparta and Karaman Provinces of Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842
Author(s):  
Alamettin Bayav ◽  
Bahri Karlı
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Production Areas

Apple cultivation has been done in very large areas around the world. According to FAO, approximately 87.2 million tons of apples were produced in the world in 2019. Turkey has covered 3.6 million tons of this production and ranked third in the world. In this study, the two major apple production areas for Turkey, Isparta and Karaman annual operating results of the province apples' farms, were evaluated. Data acquired by interviewing from 132 farms selected with the stratified random sampling method constituted the study's primary material. Classical economic analysis approaches were used in determining the annual operating results of the farms. The farms' financial and economic profitability rates were 8.82% and 7.78% in Isparta province, respectively, while 7.25% and 6.15% in Karaman province. The research results showed that apple farms did not have rational capital distribution, their agricultural incomes were low, and their income varied by province.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Structural Shifts in U.S. Boxwood Production Due to Boxwood Blight

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Charles R. Hall ◽  
Chuanxue Hong ◽  
Fred E. Gouker ◽  
Margery Daughtrey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Structural Shifts

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in the sales of boxwood (Buxus spp.) that have occurred in boxwood production states. We theorize that some of the shifts in production areas over the period from 2009 to 2019 have been impacted by the introduction of boxwood blight into the United States. Boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata) was first observed in the U.S. in 2011 by plant pathologists in 8 states: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Virginia. The disease has now been seen in 30 states plus the District of Columbia. The data used for this analysis is from the Census of Horticultural Specialties (CHS), a survey administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS) every five years. The findings from this analysis of the Census of Horticultural Specialties data from 2009 to 2019 indicate that there were already shifts occurring in boxwood markets prior to the introduction of boxwood blight. However, boxwood blight has exacerbated the supply chain challenges for green industry participants by limiting production in certain areas of the country, increasing the costs of producing boxwood compared to other evergreen shrubs, and perhaps dampening the demand from what might have been without the existence of the blight. Index words: economics, horticulture, nursery, landscaping, ornamental, woody plants, sales. Species used in this study: Boxwood (Buxus spp.), Boxwood Blight [Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill) L. Lombard, M. J. Wingf. & Crous].

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