INSECT COMMUNITIES OF NEWFOUNDLAND BOG POOLS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ODONATA

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Larson ◽  
N.L. House
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Large Pool ◽  
Odonate Larvae ◽  
Prey Limitation ◽  
Pool System ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Avalon Peninsula

AbstractThe arthropod and annelid fauna of a series of small, acidic pools in a domed, ombrotrophic bog on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, was studied over the ice-free season of 1986. Pools were assigned to four classes on the basis of their surface area (<1; 1.1–10; 10.1–100; >100 m2) and at least two 1-m2 (entire pool if area <1 m2) substrate samples, plankton samples, and moss samples were taken from pools of each size class biweekly. One hundred and thirty-one taxa, most identified to the species level, were collected. Taxa varied in abundance between pools of various size classes and, using Cluster Analysis and TWINSPAN, two principal communities were identified. Oligochaetes, beetles, and mosquitoes dominated small, astatic pools and odonates, chironomids, and several other taxa predominated in large, stable, vegetated pools. Water level stability is postulated to be the principal factor determining this community structure. Within large pools, odonate larvae were the dominant predators and comprised the majority of the standing crop. Odonate larvae have life cycles of 2 or more years; their slow growth is probably due to prey limitation. Odonate larvae potentially exert a powerful predation pressure within the large pool community, and may be the principal biotic factor determining abundance and distribution of prey taxa within the bog pool system.

scholarly journals Towards unravelling Wolbachia global exchange: a contribution from the Bicyclus and Mylothris butterflies in the Afrotropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Duplouy ◽  
Robin Pranter ◽  
Haydon Warren-Gash ◽  
Robert Tropek ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Global Exchange

Abstract Background Phylogenetically closely related strains of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria are often found in phylogenetically divergent, and geographically distant insect host species. The interspecies transfer of the symbiont Wolbachia has been thought to have occurred repeatedly, facilitating its observed global pandemic. Few ecological interactions have been proposed as potential routes for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia within natural insect communities. These routes are however likely to act only at the local scale, but how they may support the global distribution of some Wolbachia strains remains unclear. Results Here, we characterize the Wolbachia diversity in butterflies from the tropical forest regions of central Africa to discuss transfer at both local and global scales. We show that numerous species from both the Mylothris (family Pieridae) and Bicyclus (family Nymphalidae) butterfly genera are infected with similar Wolbachia strains, despite only minor interclade contacts across the life cycles of the species within their partially overlapping ecological niches. The phylogenetic distance and differences in resource use between these genera rule out the role of ancestry, hybridization, and shared host-plants in the interspecies transfer of the symbiont. Furthermore, we could not identify any shared ecological factors to explain the presence of the strains in other arthropod species from other habitats, or even ecoregions. Conclusion Only the systematic surveys of the Wolbachia strains from entire species communities may offer the material currently lacking for understanding how Wolbachia may transfer between highly different and unrelated hosts, as well as across environmental scales.

scholarly journals Climate-induced phenology shifts linked to range expansions in species with multiple reproductive cycles per year

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum J. Macgregor ◽  
Chris D. Thomas ◽  
David B. Roy ◽  
Mark A. Beaumont ◽  
James R. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Annual Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Habitat Specialisation ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Distribution Trends

Abstract Advances in phenology (the annual timing of species’ life-cycles) in response to climate change are generally viewed as bioindicators of climate change, but have not been considered as predictors of range expansions. Here, we show that phenology advances combine with the number of reproductive cycles per year (voltinism) to shape abundance and distribution trends in 130 species of British Lepidoptera, in response to ~0.5 °C spring-temperature warming between 1995 and 2014. Early adult emergence in warm years resulted in increased within- and between-year population growth for species with multiple reproductive cycles per year (n = 39 multivoltine species). By contrast, early emergence had neutral or negative consequences for species with a single annual reproductive cycle (n = 91 univoltine species), depending on habitat specialisation. We conclude that phenology advances facilitate polewards range expansions in species exhibiting plasticity for both phenology and voltinism, but may inhibit expansion by less flexible species.

scholarly journals Influence of different riparian vegetation widths and substrate types on the communities of larval Odonata (Insecta) in southern Brazilian streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Marques Pires ◽  
Nícolas Felipe Drumm Müller ◽  
Cristina Stenert ◽  
Leonardo Maltchik
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Odonate Larvae ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
Forest Streams ◽  
Substrate Types

Abstract: Aim We assessed the influence of substrate type and categories of riparian vegetation widths on the community structure of Odonata (Insecta) in southern Brazilian streams. Methods Sampling took place in twelve stream reaches differing in their riparian vegetation widths (from more than 40 m up to less than 5 m). Larval odonates were collected in inorganic (stone and gravel) and organic (leaf litter) substrates at each stream reach. Differences in Odonata composition among substrates and categories of riparian vegetation width were tested using PERMANOVA and visualized with ordination diagrams. In addition, we assessed the influence of riparian vegetation width taking into account two levels of resolutions: fine (four categories: > 40 m, 30-15 m, 15-5 m and < 5 m) and coarse (narrower and broader than 15 m). Results Odonata composition differed more strongly according to substrate type regardless of the level of resolution. Organic substrate (litter) had different composition and higher richness than inorganic ones. Odonata composition significantly differed between riparian vegetation widths at the coarser level of resolution (narrower and broader than 15 m); at the coarser level, the interaction between substrate and riparian widths was significant, with the composition from litter substrate in broader widths differing from stone and gravel in narrower widths. Conclusions The composition of odonate larvae responded to the major reductions in riparian widths (above > 15 m), indicating that reductions above this level are enough to affect the community structure of Odonata. Additionally, the different composition of Odonata in organic substrates in broader riparian vegetation widths compared to inorganic substrates in narrower widths indicate a complex relationship between riparian vegetation and substrate in the assembly of insect communities in southern Brazilian forest streams. The interaction between riparian vegetation widths and substrate suggests that the effects of reductions in riparian widths on Odonata composition are not similar across substrate types.

A 7-year life cycle for two Chironomus species in arctic Alaskan tundra ponds (Diptera: Chironomidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Tundra Ponds

The life cycles of two sibling Chironomus species inhabiting tundra ponds on the arctic coast of Alaska are interpreted from larval and adult data collected over 3 years. Emergence of adults was highly synchronous within each species, and the two emergence periods were always discrete. Larvae of the two species could not be separated morphologically and were treated as a single population through most of the life cycle. Analysis of larval size and development toward pupation indicated that seven cohorts coexist on nearly all sampling dates. A 7-year developmental period for each cohort is hypothesized and is supported by larval growth rates observed in the habitat and by the rates at which apparent cohorts progressed through the larval stages. Ten cohorts observed during the study period showed very similar schedules of growth and development, but cohort abundances varied considerably.This life cycle is among the longest reported for an arctic insect. It results from slow growth during an annual open-water season of about 90 days, though neither food nor temperature limitation could be definitely implicated in causing such slow growth. Coexistence of up to seven cohorts in each species stabilized Chironomus production and standing stock and may be important to benthic-feeding waterfowl which use these ponds.

scholarly journals Unravelling Wolbachia global exchange: a contribution from the Bicyclus and Mylothris butterflies in the Afrotropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Duplouy ◽  
Robin Pranter ◽  
Haydon Warren-Gash ◽  
Robert Tropek ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Global Exchange

Abstract Background Phylogenetically closely related strains of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria are often found in phylogenetically divergent, and geographically distant insect host species. The interspecies transfer of the symbiont Wolbachia has been thought to have occurred repeatedly, facilitating its observed global pandemic. Few ecological interactions have been proposed as potential routes for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia within natural insect communities. These routes are however likely to act only at the local scale, but how they may support the global distribution of some Wolbachia strains remains unclear. Results Here, we characterize the Wolbachia diversity in butterflies from the tropical forest regions of central Africa to discuss transfer at both local and global scales. We show that numerous species from both the Mylothris (family Pieridae) and Bicyclus (family Nymphalidae) butterfly genera are infected with similar Wolbachia strains, this despite only minor interclade contacts across the life cycles of the species within their partially overlapping ecological niches. The phylogenetic distance and differences in resource use between these genera rule out the role of ancestry, hybridization, and shared host-plants in the interspecies transfer of the symbiont. Furthermore, we could not identify any shared ecological factors to explain the presence of the strains in other arthropod species from other habitats, or even ecoregions. Conclusion Only the systematic surveys of the Wolbachia strains from entire species communities may offer the material currently lacking for understanding how Wolbachia may transfer between highly different and unrelated hosts, as well as across environmental scales.

scholarly journals Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Cornils ◽  
Rainer Sieger ◽  
Elke Mizdalski ◽  
Stefanie Schumacher ◽  
Hannes Grobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Copepod Species ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

Abstract. Copepods are often the predominant taxa in marine zooplankton and play an important role in the food web as intermediators between primary producers, the microbial loop and higher trophic levels. Due to their short life cycles and their rapid response to changing environments they are good indicators for ecosystem health and status. Investigating the effects of environmental change on planktonic copepods and thus the pelagic ecosystem requires data on species abundance and distribution. Here, we present 33 data sets with abundance and occurrence of planktonic copepods from 20 expeditions to the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctic Peninsula), one expedition to the Magellan region, one latitudinal transect in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, one expedition to the Great Meteor Bank and one expedition to the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba. In this data compilation a total of 349 stations between 1985 and 2005 were archived. These data sets are now freely available at PANGAEA via the persistent identifier doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.884619. During most expeditions depth-stratified samples were taken with a Hydrobios multinet with 5 or 9 nets. On few occasions a Nansen or Bongo net was deployed. The deepest sample reached down to 2880 meter. As metadata sampling date and date/time, latitude, longitude, bottom depth, sampling depth interval, volume of filtered water and information of the net type and mesh size were recorded. Abundance and distribution data for 284 calanoid copepod species and 28 taxa of other copepod orders are provided. The taxonomic concept was consistent throughout the data sets. The density of calanoid copepod species was separately counted for females, males and copepodites. For selected species also the individual copepodite stages were counted.

LONG LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Quality Food ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy

AbstractSeveral insect species have life cycles that last more than 1 year, because of very slow growth, repeated or prolonged dormancies, or very long lived adults. These long life cycles are correlated with environmental adversities, such as cold or unpredictable temperatures, patchy, unreliable or low quality food supplies, and natural enemies, as well as with some other properties such as large size. Long life cycles are most prevalent when several of these factors are present simultaneously. Adversities tend to prolong the life cycle of all individuals in the population, whereas unpredictability tends to extend the life cycle of only some individuals. Extreme extensions, such as diapause for more than 10 years, usually affect only a very small fraction of the population. Modest extensions, such as development over 2 years, prolonged dormancy for one additional adverse season, cohort-splitting between 1- and 2-year life cycles, and oviposition over two seasons, are relatively common. Insects with long life cycles provide insights into the nature of adaptations to adverse and unpredictable conditions, and also provide useful material for the analysis of questions related to population and community structure.

Pollination of cycads in an urban environment

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Lilí Martínez-Domínguez ◽  
Fernando Nicolalde-Morejón ◽  
Francisco Vergara-Silva ◽  
Dennis Wm. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Dioon Edule ◽  
The City

Research on urban systems has documented the contributions of cities as sites where insect pollinators undergo their life cycles, contributing to the reproduction of many groups of plants. However, reports of plants whose reproduction is assisted by specialist pollinators under conditions prevalent in cities are scarce. Cycads and insect pollinators are threatened mainly by loss and modification of their habitats. Here, we describe two cases in which cycad species from two genera distributed in Mexico (Ceratozamia tenuis (Dyer) D.W. Stev. & Vovides and Dioon edule Lindl.) reproduce and germinate successfully in urban areas, aided by insects, near their natural distribution areas. The plants examined were artificially planted in different gardens within the city of Xalapa-Enríquez. We found that specimens two genera of insect pollinators, Pharaxonotha sp. (Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) on C. tenuis, and Parallocorynus sp., (Belidae: Oxycoryninae) on D. edule, can survive in cycad pollen strobili, maintaining ecological interactions as they would occur in wild, conserved environments. In addition, we found beetles in ovulate strobili during the pollen receptivity phase, which suggests that they effectively reach ovulate strobili with pollen from pollen strobili. Characterization of this gymnosperm–beetle pollination system, which is unexpected in urban areas due the effects of human disturbance on insect communities, could promote new conservation biology research on flagship species in environments and landscapes shaped by anthropogenic impacts.

scholarly journals Towards unravelling Wolbachia global exchange: a contribution from the Bicyclus and Mylothris butterflies in the Afrotropics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Duplouy ◽  
Robin Pranter ◽  
Haydon Warren-Gash ◽  
Robert Tropek ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Global Exchange

Abstract Background Phylogenetically closely related strains of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria are often found in phylogenetically divergent, and geographically distant insect host species. The interspecies transfer of the symbiont Wolbachia has been thought to have occurred repeatedly, facilitating its observed global pandemic. Few ecological interactions have been proposed as potential routes for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia within natural insect communities. These routes are however likely to act only at the local scale, but how they may support the global distribution of some Wolbachia strains remains unclear. Results Here, we characterize the Wolbachia diversity in butterflies from the tropical forest regions of central Africa to discuss transfer at both local and global scales. We show that numerous species from both the Mylothris (family Pieridae) and Bicyclus (family Nymphalidae) butterfly genera are infected with similar Wolbachia strains, despite only minor interclade contacts across the life cycles of the species within their partially overlapping ecological niches. The phylogenetic distance and differences in resource use between these genera rule out the role of ancestry, hybridization, and shared host-plants in the interspecies transfer of the symbiont. Furthermore, we could not identify any shared ecological factors to explain the presence of the strains in other arthropod species from other habitats, or even ecoregions. Conclusion Only the systematic surveys of the Wolbachia strains from entire species communities may offer the material currently lacking for understanding how Wolbachia may transfer between highly different and unrelated hosts, as well as across environmental scales.

scholarly journals Towards unravelling Wolbachia global exchange: a contribution from the Bicyclus and Mylothris butterflies in the Afrotropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Duplouy ◽  
Robin Pranter ◽  
Haydon Warren-Gash ◽  
Robert Tropek ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Global Exchange

Abstract BackgroundPhylogenetically closely related strains of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria are often found in phylogenetically divergent, and geographically distant insect host species. The interspecies transfer of the symbiont Wolbachia has been thought to have occurred repeatedly, facilitating its observed global pandemic. Few ecological interactions have been proposed as potential routes for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia within natural insect communities. These routes are however likely to act only at the local scale, but how they may support the global distribution of some Wolbachia strains remains unclear.ResultsHere, we characterize the Wolbachia diversity in butterflies from the tropical forest regions of central Africa to discuss transfer at both local and global scales. We show that numerous species from both the Mylothris (family Pieridae) and Bicyclus (family Nymphalidae) butterfly genera are infected with similar Wolbachia strains, despite only minor interclade contacts across the life cycles of the species within their partially overlapping ecological niches. The phylogenetic distance and differences in resource use between these genera rule out the role of ancestry, hybridization, and shared host-plants in the interspecies transfer of the symbiont. Furthermore, we could not identify any shared ecological factors to explain the presence of the strains in other arthropod species from other habitats, or even ecoregions.ConclusionOnly the systematic surveys of the Wolbachia strains from entire species communities may offer the material currently lacking for understanding how Wolbachia may transfer between highly different and unrelated hosts, as well as across environmental scales.

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