FLIGHT DURATION OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA [CLEM.]) AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM ARE UNAFFECTED BY MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION OR MOTH SIZE

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders ◽  
G.G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Female Attractiveness ◽  
Microsporidian Infection ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNo correlation was found between the size of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths and the duration of their flight in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. The numbers of male moths caught in traps baited with virgin female spruce budworm moths increased as the size of the females increased, but the relationship was significant in only one of eight experiments. Infection with the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) resulted in smaller insects, but there were no significant relationships between the incidence of infection and male flight duration or female attractiveness.

Interaction of Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia) parasitizing spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2047-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis ◽  
S. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Larval Female ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larval Parasites

The relationship between a braconid parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae, and a microsporidian pathogen, Nosema fumiferanae, two larval parasites frequently coincident in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, was examined in the laboratory. When Apanteles was reared in spruce budworm infected with high levels of Nosema (i.e., more than 20 × 106 spores/mg dry weight), there was a slight reduction in the within-host rate of development of larval female Apanteles, but survival, within-cocoon rate of development, cocoon weight, and adult longevity were not affected. There was no evidence that any stage of Apanteles was infected with spores of Nosema. A few adult female parasitoids were found to carry spores of Nosema on their integuments but it is unlikely that Apanteles is an important vector of the microsporidian. We conclude that these natural enemies of budworm do not interact significantly in their common host. The implications for population dynamics of the spruce budworm and mass rearing of Apanteles are discussed.

EFFECT OF PHEROMONE PERMEATION ON SUSTAINED FLIGHT OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Pheromone Plumes

AbstractFlight durations of male spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), that were locked-on to pheromone plumes from female moths were measured in a wind tunnel. Flight was sustained by use of a movable patterned ceiling. The longest sustained flight was 53 min. The effects of different background concentrations of synthetic pheromone were tested by surrounding the female moths with rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone. The duration of sustained flights decreased as the concentration of background synthetic pheromone increased, but at all concentrations some males persisted in orientated flight for 10 min or longer.

BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF SECONDARY COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1053-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Alford ◽  
P. J. Silk ◽  
M. McClure ◽  
C. Gibson ◽  
J. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Number Of Males

AbstractLaboratory wind tunnel and field observations have demonstrated an important behavioural role of tetradecanal (14:Ald) in the chemical communication system of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). A greater number of males initiated upwind flight and continued on to contact the source when 14:Ald was present than with 95/5 E/Z11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Ald) alone. The presence of E11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E11-14:Ac) decreased the males' responsiveness to the aldehydes. Its effect appeared to be attenuated, when present at low levels with 95/5 E/Z11-14:Ald, by the presence of 14:Ald, but it is still unclear what effects low levels of E11-14:Ac have on male behaviour.

TESTS OF MOTOR STIMULANTS FOR EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jan A. Volney ◽  
George A. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Slow Reaction ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractThe insecticide phosphamidon, both alone and mixed with other chemicals, was tested in the laboratory as a motor stimulant to female spruce budworm moths. For phosphamidon alone, the time to reaction of virgin female budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) moths was about 40 min. However, small supplements of pyrethrum or synthetic pyrethroids reduced the reaction time to about 3–8 min. The slow reaction to phosphamidon alone could account for the failure of that insecticide to kill gravid females. It is postulated that moths quickly stimulated to flight activity within the canopy would be more likely to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide before the spray cloud dissipated.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, CLEM.) TO THE FLOWERING CONDITION OF BALSAM FIR (ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Populations of the spruce budworm were studied on flowering and nonflowering balsam fir trees. Generally more eggs were found on the flowering trees. The flowering balsam fir trees were found to harbor higher populations in the early larval stages owing to the presence on these trees of staminate flowers and flower cups. The behavior of the larvae in relation to staminate flowers and flower cups was studied in both the field and the laboratory. Larvae that fed partially on pollen developed more rapidly than larvae that fed exclusively on foliage. Pollen as a food did not appear to have any direct effect on survival or fecundity. Other experiments showed that mortality was higher, development retarded, and fecundity reduced in insects forced to feed on old foliage in contrast with those fed on the current year's growth. Defoliation was more severe on flowering trees in the earlier stages of the infestation. However, as populations increased, wandering increased owing to competition for food. This resulted in an overflow of larvae from flowering to nonflowering trees.

EVALUATION OF HIGH-CAPACITY, NONSATURATING SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING POPULATION DENSITIES OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps

AbstractThe efficiency of two sticky-bottomed traps and seven high-capacity, nonsticky traps in catching male spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths was evaluated in a wind tunnel. The place where the male moths first contacted the trap, the length of time that passed until they entered the trap, and the number remaining in the trap after 5 min were recorded. The most efficient traps were the Pherocon 1 C, a sticky-bottomed trap, and the Multi-Pher and Uni-trap, both nonsticky traps with internal funnel-shaped baffles that prevent moths from escaping. As sticky traps become saturated at relatively low densities they are not suitable for monitoring wide changes in population density. The Multi-Pher and Uni-trap are therefore recommended for monitoring population changes of the spruce budworm, establishing thresholds for management action, and estimating population density.

A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ANALOGUE OF THE PRIMARY SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Silk ◽  
L. P. S. Kuenen ◽  
G. C. Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Female Sex Pheromone ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Pheromone Components

Disruption of mating and of trap capture of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), has been accomplished in recent years (reviewed in Silk and Kuenen 1984) by disseminating large quantities of the primary components (synthetic) of the female sex pheromone within a forest environment. These components (E)- and (2)-11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Ald) (Sanders and Weatherston 1976) are emitted by virgin female budworm at a 95/5 E/Z ratio (Silk et al. 1980). Unsaturated aldehydes are expensive, tend to polymerize readily (Dunkelblum et al. 1984), and are susceptible to air oxidation and/or photodegradation in the field environment. Analogues, with increased stability and reduced cost, that duplicate the effects of these pheromone components would therefore be of practical value.

RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SEX PHEROMONE AS MEASURED IN A SUSTAINED-FLIGHT WIND TUNNEL

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders ◽  
G. S. Lucuik ◽  
R. M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Similar Concentration ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Wing Fanning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pheromone Plume ◽  
Natural Pheromone

AbstractResponses were recorded of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) exposed to natural pheromone and a wide range of concentrations of synthetic pheromone in an all-glass wind tunnel equipped with a moving, patterned ceiling. The numbers of males wing-fanning and plume-following decreased with decreasing concentration of the pheromone plume. Speed of upwind flight with the ceiling stationary increased with decreasing concentration, but the durations of flight sustained by moving the ceiling were not significantly different under the different concentrations.Males exposed to pheromone produced by calling females showed a higher incidence of plume-following, and flew significantly faster, than males exposed to a similar concentration of synthetic pheromone.

Spruce budworm moth trapping using virgin females

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 853-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Miller ◽  
G. A. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Male Moth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Predictive Relationship ◽  
Host Characteristics

A grid of 25 traps baited with virgin female moths was used to monitor the abundance of male spruce budworm in relatively sparse populations for 12 successive years. Concurrent sampling of third-instar larvae showed that the male moth counts of one generation had a predictive relationship to third-instar larval counts of the next generation and therefore the sex-attractant trap is a feasible means of measuring budworm abundance at low population densities. But three sampling constraints must be noted: (a) a moth invasion will generally invalidate the relationship;(b)extrapolation of a moth–larvae relationship observed in one forest biotype to biotypes with different host characteristics is risky; (c) the probability of a female attracting a particular male decreases sharply with increasing population density.Trapping success is discussed with respect to location and height within the stand and to weather conditions.

Stand breakdown and surface fuel accumulation due to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) defoliation in the boreal mixedwood forest of central Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-541
Author(s):  
Graham A. Watt ◽  
Brian J. Stocks ◽  
Richard A. Fleming ◽  
Sandy M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Mixedwood Forests ◽  
Breakdown Time ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest ◽  
Fuel Accumulation ◽  
The Relationship

Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) defoliation has been shown to increase the likelihood of large forest fires in central Canada. However, the time frame of heightened risk based on the duration of spruce budworm defoliation has not yet been quantified. In this article, we document the extent of stand breakdown and surface fuel accumulation after a period of spruce budworm defoliation that occurred between 1972 and 1976. Data on stand characteristics were derived from previous studies at three different locations in the boreal mixedwood forests of central Canada: Aubinadong (B.J. Stocks. 1987. For. Chron. 63: 8–14), Gogama, and Gowganda in Ontario. Stand breakdown was measured using a series of transects set in plots 7 years following aerially mapped defoliation (1977–1983). Results show that during the 4 years following 5 years of defoliation, crown breakage, a typical symptom of defoliation, increased by nearly 200%, and surface fuel increased by 145% from predisturbance levels. The high correlation between crown breakage and surface fuels linked defoliation to fuel buildup. We begin to solve the challenge of measuring fuel structure over the expansive scale of spruce budworm outbreaks by quantifying the relationship among stand breakdown, time since the end of defoliation, and the duration of defoliation so that the expected fuel structure can be modelled from annual defoliation surveys.

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