TESTS OF MOTOR STIMULANTS FOR EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jan A. Volney ◽  
George A. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Slow Reaction ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractThe insecticide phosphamidon, both alone and mixed with other chemicals, was tested in the laboratory as a motor stimulant to female spruce budworm moths. For phosphamidon alone, the time to reaction of virgin female budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) moths was about 40 min. However, small supplements of pyrethrum or synthetic pyrethroids reduced the reaction time to about 3–8 min. The slow reaction to phosphamidon alone could account for the failure of that insecticide to kill gravid females. It is postulated that moths quickly stimulated to flight activity within the canopy would be more likely to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide before the spray cloud dissipated.

FORECASTING THE EFFICACY OF OPERATIONAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER APPLICATIONS AGAINST SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), USING DOSE INGESTION DATA: INITIAL MODELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Image Position

AbstractSingle aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to control infestations of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) have had varied operational success. Double applications are too expensive for general use, but might prove useful if directed to areas where the initial application was unsuccessful. This requires forecasts of the efficacy of the initial application in operational spray blocks within 4–5 days.Data were collected in 30 spray blocks in 1989 in a feasibility study to determine if such forecasts of spray efficacy could be made from the prespray budworm population density, N0, and from the proportion of the population that had ingested a lethal dose Bt within 2 days of application, M. A mathematical model forecasting the postspray budworm population density, NF, was derived from population-dynamic considerations and fitted (r2 = 0.48, p < 0.0001):The proportion of current foliage defoliated, D, depended (r = 0.81) on N0 and on whether the block was sprayed (I = 0) or not (I = 1):Only one measure of defoliation involved M in any statistically significant way. The predicted (from values of N0) proportion of defoliation prevented by Bt application, dD, was weakly (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.002) related to M:The large proportion of the variation in efficacy that remains unexplained by the models involving M limits the operational utility of this approach as it now stands for specific sites. The potential for further development of these models as decision support tools for fairly large spray blocks is discussed in terms of improving the sampling plan and including additional predictor variables.Methods are also presented that reduce bias in calculations of population reduction (Abbott 1925) and foliage protection when data are available from few control and many treatment blocks.

Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and parasitoids of late-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1697-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Schoenmaker ◽  
Michel Cusson ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Pathogen Exposure

We investigated interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki and parasitoids that attack late instars of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). In a petri-dish arena, females of Tranosema rostrale rostrale (Brishke) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were able to discriminate between untreated fourth instars and fourth instars that had been given a known dose of a commercial product (Foray 48B). When the choice tests were conducted before host mortality due to B. thuringiensis had occurred among treated larvae (24 h post ingestion), the parasitoid attacked untreated larvae more readily. When females were given a choice between control larvae and treated larvae that were still alive 72 h post ingestion, they were able to discriminate between the two only when the larvae had been treated with at least a 50% lethal dose. Under laboratory conditions, female T. r. rostrale were thus able to detect and avoid treated larvae that exhibited a lethal response to the pathogen, and to a lesser extent larvae that had survived pathogen exposure. The ability of the latter was not apparent under field conditions. When treated and untreated larvae were exposed for 1 week to a complex of indigenous parasitoids in the field, there was no difference between treatments in the rates of parasitism by either T. r. rostrale or Actia interrupta Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae). Parasitism averaged 91% for larvae in the control treatment compared with 92% for larvae treated with Foray 48B. The field data suggest that spruce budworm larvae that survive exposure to B. thuringiensis are just as likely to be parasitized as unexposed, healthy larvae. This means that prolonged development of late-instar spruce budworm larvae after treatment with B. thuringiensis could possibly result in increased attack rates by parasitoids.

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND SIZE ON FLIGHT ACTIVITY AND OVIPOSITION IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders ◽  
G. S. Lucuik
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
The Third ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Morning Peak ◽  
Male Activity

AbstractWell-fed, mated female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) show little activity during the first 24 h after emergence. During the second 24 h they lay between 33 and 50% of their egg complement. During the third 24 h most flight activity occurs. Smaller, artificially starved females are much more active, especially during the second 24-h period, when many fly before ovipositing. Timing of oviposition and flight is under photoperiodic control: female flight occurs just before dark after peak oviposition while male activity starts before dark, but peaks after dark, with a morning peak of variable intensity.

THE OCCURRENCE OF (E)-11-TETRADECEN-1-OL, A KNOWN SEX ATTRACTANT INHIBITOR, IN THE ABDOMINAL TIPS OF VIRGIN FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Weatherston ◽  
W. Maclean
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Spectral Data ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Attractant Inhibitor

AbstractThe sex-pheromone-producing gland of the eastern spruce budworm, in addition to producing the sex attractant (E)-11-tetradecenal, has been shown by gas chromatographic and mass spectral data to contain (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, a known inhibitor to the sex attractant.

THEORETICAL OPTIMIZATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER FOR CONTROL OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): ESTIMATES OF LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL DOSE REQUIREMENTS, PRODUCT POTENCY, AND EFFECTIVE DROPLET SIZES

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Nicholas J. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Feeding Inhibition ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Droplet Sizes

AbstractWe present calculations of droplet sizes and product potencies that are theoretically required to deliver a lethal dose of Bacillus thuringiensis in one droplet to larvae of the eastern spruce budworm in aerial spray applications. The calculations are based on estimates of the dose required for 50% and 95% mortality [4.3 and 26.9 International Units (IU), respectively] and of the lowest dose that caused discernable feeding inhibition (0.5 IU) in force-feeding assays with sixth-instar larvae. For products containing 12.7–16.9 billion IU (BIU) per litre, the most widely used potency range, a 150- to 160-μm droplet is needed to deliver an LD95 and an 80- to 90-μm droplet to deliver an LD50, whereas droplets down to 40 μm are expected to cause extensive feeding inhibition. Our calculations suggest that current application prescriptions result in the delivery of a marginally effective dose to the target foliage and that budworm larvae have to ingest multiple droplets to obtain a lethal dose, a process that is thought to contribute to inconsistent spray efficacy. We predict that dose acquisition can be maximized by increasing product potency to 95 BIU/L, which would enable larvae to acquire a lethal dose by ingestion of only one or two droplets in the size range that is most commonly encountered on coniferous foliage (≤ 80 µm) after aerial application.

FACTORS AFFECTING ADULT EMERGENCE AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 967-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Duration Of Copulation

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments indicate that the female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) pupal stadium requires approximately 122C degree-days above a threshold of 7.2 °C (45°F), the male 124. Emergence time on any given day depends on temperature but is independent of photoperiod. Under field conditions male and female budworm mate only once per 24-h period. In the laboratory under continuous illumination females mate repeatedly and males readily mate a second time within a few hours, but the duration of the second copulation is abnormally long. The probability of multiple matings under field conditions is reduced by the restricted period of sexual activity coupled with the duration of copulation and the lower competitiveness of mated insects. Antennae are essential to the male for successful copulation.

A METHOD FOR REARING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemendra Mulye ◽  
Roger Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Physiological Studies

The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest insect pest in North America. Although much is known about the ecology, population dynamics, and impact of C. fumiferana on tree growth (Sanders et al. 1985), there is very little information available on the physiology of this forest pest. Physiological studies are crucial to the development of novel strategies for spruce budworm control.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER IN LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Peak Abundance

AbstractThe relationship between temperature and pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki in infected larvae of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was investigated to determine if more rapid death of larvae with an increase in temperature could be accounted for by enhanced bacterial growth. Cumulative mortality of larvae force-fed with a lethal dose of HD-1-S-1980 peaked within 2 days at 25 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C. The progress of bacterial growth in the larvae was followed from spore germination to cell lysis, and was completed within 4 days at 25 °C, 6 days at 22 °C, 12 days at 19 °C, 14 days at 16 °C, and > 28 days at 13 °C. Peak abundance of vegetative cells in the larvae was observed after 1 day at 25 °C, 2 days at 22 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C, and thus coincided almost exactly with the time required for maximum larval mortality. This correlation suggests that the observed effect of temperature on progression of larval mortality was due to its effect on the proliferation of vegetative cells in the infected larvae, and that bacterial septicemia makes an important contribution to death.

THE ANTENNAE AS THE SITE OF PHEROMONE RECEPTORS IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1610-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Albert ◽  
W. D. Seabrook ◽  
U. Paim
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

AbstractElectrophysiological recordings are taken from the antennae of eastern spruce budworm males. These respond to crude pheromone extracts from the females. The pheromone receptors are located along the length of the antennae.

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