ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Shorthouse ◽  
Robert G. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Maturation Phase ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Concentrated Solution

AbstractStems of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), with galls of Urophora cardui (L.) at various stages of development, were brushed with a concentrated solution of dimefhoate to kill the gall-inducing larvae. Tissues of untreated and treated galls were compared to study the influence of larvae on each phase of gall growth and development. Galls treated in the initiation phase stopped growing. Galls treated in the growth phase grew slightly, primary nutritive tissue was replaced by a thick layer of proliferating callus, and lignified tissue appeared in its normal location. Galls treated in the maturation phase retained the arrangement of their secondary nutritive tissue but it degraded and callus did not develop in the larval chambers. We concluded that active larvae were necessary for normal gall growth and for the retention of primary nutritive cells, but larvae were not necessary for the formation of lignified tissues or for the retention of secondary nutritive cells.

Developmental morphology of the gall of Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the stems of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1372-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lalonde ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Callus Tissues

Urophora cardui (L.) induces a large multichambered gall in stem tissues of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Four phases in gall development are identified: initiation, growth, maturation, and dehiscence. Initiation begins when larvae tunnel from a shoot tip into the developing stem and change the polarity of pith and procambial tissues. These cells become gall parenchyma and proliferate during the growth phase. Procambial strands and gall laticifers appear among the gall parenchyma and the cells nearest the larvae differentiate into primary nutritive cells. In the maturation phase, gall tissues cease proliferating, procambial strands near the larvae give rise to secondary nutritive tissue, and all remaining gall parenchyma lignifies. Dehiscence occurs when callus tissues at the top of the gall degrade. Developmental studies utilizing insect-induced galls may increase our understanding of normal plant growth and development.

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Pasture Forage Responses to Wiping with Various Herbicides

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad W. Grekul ◽  
Dan E. Cole ◽  
Edward W. Bork
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Lower Canada ◽  
Nontarget Species ◽  
Grass Biomass ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
D 20 ◽  
Density And Biomass

Weed-wipers may provide effective weed control while minimizing the application of herbicide to nontarget species in rangeland and pasture. To date, few herbicides are recommended for use in weed wiping systems. We assessed Canada thistle and non–Canada thistle herbage responses in two experiments in pastures, the first examining wiped glyphosate, the second comparing glyphosate with three broadleaf herbicides at cost-equivalent concentrations [on a volume to volume (v/v) dilution basis]. In both studies, wiping with a glyphosate solution (33% v/v, equivalent to a one to two dilution ratio of herbicide to water) resulted in lower Canada thistle density and biomass than check plots, with control lasting up to 2 yr. However, significant reductions in grass biomass also occurred and were associated with an increase in the abundance of weedy annual forbs. In contrast, wiping with a concentrated solution of clopyralid (2% v/v), picloram plus 2,4-D (20% v/ v), or 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba (24% v/v), resulted in similar levels of Canada thistle control but no reduction in grass biomass. Despite direct application of herbicides to tall weeds, clover species in mixed stands were injured. In grass-dominated pastures, wiping with broadleaf herbicides was superior to nonselective glyphosate because the former more effectively balanced Canada thistle control with the retention of grass production.

Studies of Vegetative Plant Tissue Compatibility/Incompatibility: The Role of Acid Phosphatase in Lethal Cell Senescence in an Incompatible Heterograft

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Cell Necrosis ◽  
Enzyme Localization ◽  
Vegetative Plant ◽  
Cell Autolysis ◽  
Graft Interface ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Thin Fibril

Previous work has indicated that the graft incompatihility between Sedrmi telephoides and Solanum pennellil involves cell necrosis that results In a thick layer of collapsed cells at the graft Interface. This necrotic layer insulates the stock from the scion, which results in abscission of the Sedum scion after 4-6 weeks due to desiccation and starvation. Thus, cell autolysis (which is restricted to Sedum) characterizes the Incompatibility response in this system (1). In order to elucidate the events that lead to cell autolysis, and thus better understand the cellular site and mode of action of cellular incompatibility, the appearance and fate of the hydrolytlc enzyme acid phosphatase (AP) was followed in both the compatible Sedum autograft and the incompatible Sedum/Solanum heterograft. Acid phosphatase was localized by a modified Gomori-type reaction; positive (i.e., including NaF inhibitor) and negative (lacking substrate) controls showed no enzymatic precipitate. Following an initial association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and dictyosomes at 6-10 hours after grafting, AP activity in the compatible Sedum autograft is associated primarily with the plasmalemma (Fig. 1). By 18-24 hours after grafting, the AP activity is restricted to the tono-plast and vacuole (Fig. 2). This strict compartmentation and absence of enzyme from the cytosol is maintained throughout the development of the compatible graft. While AP activity in the incompatible Sedum/Solanum heterograft is Initially similar to the compatible Sedum autograft (i.e., initially found on the ER and dictyosomes), there is a marked difference in enzyme localization in the two graft partners as the incompatibility response develops. As in the compatible autograft, Solanum cells at the graft interface show an Increase in AP activity that Is restricted to the vacuole and tonoplast, with little or no enzyme activity in the cytosol (Fig. 3). In comparable Sedum cells, however, there is a dramatic Increase In AP activity in the cytosol (Fig. h); this cytosollc AP activity is associated with thin fibril-like structures (Fig. 5) measuring approximately 60 A in diameter. This high cytoplasmic AP activity In Sedum cells results in cell autolysis, death, and eventual cell collapse to form the characteristic necrotic layer separating the two graft partners.

Role of chromium (III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
R. Iskra ◽  
V. Vlizlo ◽  
R. Fedoruk
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Cultural Medium ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

The results of our studies and the data of modern literature regarding the biological role of Cr(III) compounds in conditions of their application in the nutrition for pigs and cattle are discussed. The metabolic impact of Cr(III), coming from different sources – mineral and organic compounds, obtained by chemical synthesis or a nanotechnological method (chromium citrate), as well as in the form of biocomplexes from the cultural medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was analyzed. The metabolic connection between the impact of Cr(III) and the biosynthesis of some hormones – insulin, cortisol – as well as the sensitivity of some tissues and organs to the effect of chromium compounds was studied. A considerable part of the review material was dedicated to the metabolic effect of Cr(III) compounds on the reproductive function of pigs and cattle and their impact on the viability of the offspring and gametes of animals. The data about the stimulating effect of Cr(III) on the growth and development of the organism of piglets and calves, meat and milk performance of these species of animals are discussed. The relevance of dosing Cr(III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle is highlighted.

Defensive Role of Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites: Indole and Its’ Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Mulat ◽  
Raksha Anand ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Insect Attack

The diversity of indole concerning its production and functional role has increased in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The bacterial species produce indole and use it as a signaling molecule at interspecies, intraspecies, and even at an interkingdom level for controlling the capability of drug resistance, level of virulence, and biofilm formation. Numerous indole derivatives have been found to play an important role in the different systems and are reported to occur in various bacteria, plants, human, and plant pathogens. Indole and its derivatives have been recognized for a defensive role against pests and insects in the plant kingdom. These indole derivatives are produced as a result of the breakdown of glucosinolate products at the time of insect attack or physical damages. Apart from the defensive role of these products, in plants, they also exhibit several other secondary responses that may contribute directly or indirectly to the growth and development. The present review summarized recent signs of progress on the functional properties of indole and its derivatives in different plant systems. The molecular mechanism involved in the defensive role played by indole as well as its’ derivative in the plants has also been explained. Furthermore, the perspectives of indole and its derivatives (natural or synthetic) in understanding the involvement of these compounds in diverse plants have also been discussed.

scholarly journals F4/80+ Kupffer Cell-Derived Oncostatin M Sustains the Progression Phase of Liver Regeneration through Inhibition of TGF-β2 Pathway

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2231
Author(s):  
Qingjun Lu ◽  
Hao Shen ◽  
Han Yu ◽  
Jing Fu ◽  
Hui Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Regenerative Process ◽  
Oncostatin M ◽  
Hepatocyte Proliferation ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Distinct Role

The role of Kupffer cells (KCs) in liver regeneration is complicated and controversial. To investigate the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs at the different stages of the regeneration process, two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed in mice to induce physiological liver regeneration. In pre- or post-PHx, the clearance of KCs by intraperitoneal injection of the anti-F4/80 antibody (α-F4/80) was performed to study the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs during the regenerative process. In RNA sequencing of isolated F4/80+ KCs, the initiation phase was compared with the progression phase. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining of Ki67, HNF-4α, CD-31, and F4/80 and Western blot of the TGF-β2 pathway were performed. Depletion of F4/80+ KCs in pre-PHx delayed the peak of hepatocyte proliferation from 48 h to 120 h, whereas depletion in post-PHx unexpectedly led to persistent inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation, indicating the distinct role of F4/80+ KCs in the initiation and progression phases of liver regeneration. F4/80+ KC depletion in post-PHx could significantly increase TGF-β2 serum levels, while TGF-βRI partially rescued the impaired proliferation of hepatocytes. Additionally, F4/80+ KC depletion in post-PHx significantly lowered the expression of oncostatin M (OSM), a key downstream mediator of interleukin-6, which is required for hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. In vivo, recombinant OSM (r-OSM) treatment alleviated the inhibitory effect of α-F4/80 on the regenerative progression. Collectively, F4/80+ KCs release OSM to inhibit TGF-β2 activation, sustaining hepatocyte proliferation by releasing a proliferative brake.

scholarly journals Anti-neoplastic Potential of Flavonoids and Polysaccharide Phytochemicals in Glioblastoma

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4895
Author(s):  
Ayesha Atiq ◽  
Ishwar Parhar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Initiation Phase ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Option ◽  
Patient Prognosis

Clinically, gliomas are classified into four grades, with grade IV glioblastoma multiforme being the most malignant and deadly, which accounts for 50% of all gliomas. Characteristically, glioblastoma involves the aggressive proliferation of cells and invasion of normal brain tissue, outcomes as poor patient prognosis. With the current standard therapy of glioblastoma; surgical resection and radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide, it remains fatal, because of the development of drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. Therefore, the need for the effective therapeutic option for glioblastoma remains elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive role of naturally occurring pharmacological agents through preventing or reversing the initiation phase of carcinogenesis or arresting the cancer progression phase. In this review, we discuss the role of natural phytochemicals in the amelioration of glioblastoma, with the aim to improve therapeutic outcomes, and minimize the adverse side effects to improve patient’s prognosis and enhancing their quality of life.

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