EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR PROTECTION OF WHEAT AGAINST DAMAGE BY THE WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Residual Activity ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Weighted Values ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe efficacies of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, endosulfan, methoxychlor, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and malathion were evaluated against the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Methods are described for evaluating damage and protection in individually collected wheat heads and whole plants. Weighted values from whole plants provided the best indication of kernel protection and yield response.Whole plants contained three main types of wheat heads (primary heads, first tillers, and second tillers) which differed in their frequencies, kernel numbers, and developmental times. The latter indicated that the chronology of midge attack, status of midge infestations during spraying, and spray coverage also differed in the head types.Insecticides provided different levels of kernel protection within and among the various head types. The majority of primary heads emerged before spraying and harbored midge eggs at spraying. In these wheat heads, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and malathion provided significantly better kernel protection (60–75%) than permethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin (<7%). The results suggested that the more effective kernel protectants permeated the spikelet and controlled the eggs and/or newly hatched larvae. Kernel protection in the primary heads was closely related to insecticide volatility. Conditions were different in most first tillers and second tillers which emerged after spraying. In these wheat heads, poor spray coverage and short residual activity against adult midge appeared to limit kernel protection by all insecticides.

Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
M.A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.

RESISTANCE TO SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (GRAMINEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
R.I.H. McKenzie ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P.S. Barker ◽  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
High Level

AbstractCultivars of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as possible sources of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were crossed with spring wheat to produce lines with a spring growth habit and assure synchrony between insect and plant. Many of the lines showed low levels of infestation by wheat midge in the field, and 21 of these were tested for resistance in the laboratory. All test lines exhibited resistance, ranging from 58 to 100% suppression of larvae and 70 to 100% suppression of seed damage, compared with a susceptible line. Larval development was delayed and survival was reduced on all lines. This antibiosis was associated with a hypersensitive reaction in the seed surface. The hypersensitive reaction, or feeding damage by young larvae before they died, reduced the biomass of some infested resistant seeds by 28% compared with over 60% for infested susceptible seeds. Some lines also reduced the level of infestation either through oviposition deterrence or a resistance which prevented newly hatched larvae from establishing on the seed surface. A few lines also reduced the hatching rate of wheat midge eggs. The resistance was equally effective in field trials during two consecutive summers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with at least a 20-times difference in the level of infestation between susceptible and resistant wheats. No larvae could develop to maturity on some resistant lines. Large plots of one resistant line produced less than 1% as many larvae as a typical susceptible wheat, and the larvae that did survive produced few, small adults. This resistance is the first documented case of a high level of true resistance to wheat midge in spring wheat, distinct from asynchrony between the insect and susceptible stage of the plant. The antibiosis component of the resistance is currently being incorporated in cultivars suitable for production in western Canada.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICACY AND ECONOMIC RETURNS OF AERIAL SPRAYS AGAINST THE WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 941-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Aerial Sprays ◽  
Damage Condition ◽  
Whole Plants

AbstractEvaluations of individually collected wheat heads and whole plants indicated that several factors may influence the efficacy of aerial sprays against the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). These factors related to methods of assessing midge damage, condition of wheat heads during spraying, and methods of spray application. Location- and distribution-related influences also were important.Efficacy assessments were based on reductions in midge larvae, midge-damaged kernels, and percentage kernel damage. The latter data were confounded by differences in kernel numbers within wheat heads. In head and plant samples, sprays were more effective at reducing numbers of midge larvae than reducing the incidence of midge-damaged kernels. Evaluations of individual heads overestimated the efficacy of sprays in whole plants which contained one primary and two tiller heads. Sprays provided more effective midge control and kernel protection in the primary heads, which emerged before spraying, than tiller heads, which emerged mainly after spraying. Protection was usually better in apical than basal regions of each head type. In whole plants, efficacy declined as tillering increased.Plant evaluations indicated that the high-volume (37.4 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray provided the best midge control and kernel protection (95% and 87%, respectively), followed by the low-volume (18.7 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray (87% and 76%, respectively), and low-volume dimethoate spray (66% and 53%, respectively). When improvements in both yield and grade were considered and calculations based on 1987/1988 wheat prices, net returns from the three aerial sprays ranged from $62 to $113 Canadian per hectare. Long-term benefits of the sprays probably were less favourable. Reduction in wheat midge after spraying would negate the benefits of an egg–larval parasite, Pirene penetrans (Kirby), which was present in low numbers.

scholarly journals First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Echegaray ◽  
R.N. Stougaard ◽  
B. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

Yield response of a mature hedgerow oil olive orchard to different levels of water stress during pit hardening

2022 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 107374
Author(s):  
M. Corell ◽  
D. Pérez-López ◽  
L. Andreu ◽  
R. Recena ◽  
A. Centeno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Olive Orchard ◽  
Different Levels

Seed damage and sources of yield loss by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in resistant wheat varietal blends relative to susceptible wheat cultivars in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
C.L. Vera ◽  
R.M. DePauw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractSpring wheat varieties with the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were compared with susceptible wheat (Triticum Linnaeus; Poaceae) with respect to sources of yield loss and reduction in market value from wheat midge feeding damage. Four resistant varietal blends (90% Sm1 wheat plus 10% susceptible refuge) and four susceptible cultivars were grown in replicated experiments at eight locations in western Canada. Frequencies and 1000-kernel weights of undamaged and midge-damaged seeds were assessed before harvest by dissecting samples of ripe spikes, and after harvest in samples of cleaned grain. Spike data were used to estimate yield losses from reduced weight of damaged seeds and loss of severely damaged seeds (⩽8 mg) at harvest. Among midge-damaged seeds in spikes, few were severely damaged in resistant varietal blends, whereas most were severely damaged in susceptible cultivars. Cleaned, harvested grain of resistant varietal blends and susceptible cultivars had similar frequencies of midge damage and were assessed similar market grades. The primary benefit of midge-resistant wheat was reduced yield loss due to seed damage by wheat midge larvae. Resistant wheat did not protect against loss of market grade, but market value could increase due to larger yields.

scholarly journals Yield Response of the Puerto Rico and Columnaris Coffee Cultivars in Two Latosols of Puerto Rico, as Affected by Different Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime

1969 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
Saulo J. Rodríguez ◽  
R. Bosque-Lugo ◽  
R. Pérez-Pérez ◽  
A. Rodríguez-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Lateritic Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Different Levels

A set of four experiments with increasing levels of the three main plant nutrients and liming were established in two lateritic soils at two locations in the coffee-growing area of Puerto Rico. Two coffee cultivars were used in the experiments. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Nitrogen levels significantly affected coffee yields of the Puerto Rico cultivar in a Catalina clay at Maricao grown under shade. 2. Phosphorus and potassium did not significantly affect the yields of these coffee cultivars at the two locations. 3. Liming did not significantly affect the yields.

Identification of mariner-like elements in Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mittapalli ◽  
R.H. Shukle ◽  
I.L. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Southern Blot Analysis ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Degenerate Pcr ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractMariner-like element sequences were recovered from the genome of the orange wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), with degenerate PCR primers designed to conserved regions of mariner transposases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mariner-like transposases from S. mosellana showed 67% to 78% identity with the peptide sequences of other mariner transposases. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mariner-like elements from S. mosellana grouped in the mauritiana subfamily of mariner transposons. Results from Southern blot analysis suggest mariner-like elements are at a moderate copy number in the genome of S. mosellana.

OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL ESTABLISHMENT OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ON WHEAT (GRAMINEAE) AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ding ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Days After Anthesis

AbstractThe wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), infests wheat, Triticum aestivum L., heads only up to anthesis when pollination occurs. The termination of infestation might be due to a deterrence of oviposition or to a suppression of larval growth on developing seeds. These hypotheses were tested in the laboratory by measuring oviposition preference, larval development, and larval preference for plants at different growth stages. Females showed no preference for ovipositing on heads at any stage from the onset of heading up to and including anthesis, and continued to lay eggs at a reduced rate 10 days after anthesis. Survival of newly hatched larvae was reduced on seeds 3–1 days after anthesis and survival and development was greatly reduced on seeds 5 or 6 days after anthesis. Larvae moved away from older seeds and fed on younger seeds in a choice test. Given a hatching time of 5–6 days, a failure to infest wheat after anthesis is not due to oviposition deterrence at anthesis, but to suppression of larval growth and development which begins soon after anthesis.

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