LABORATORY FEEDING AND COLONIZATION OF NON-HOST LODGEPOLE PINE BY TWO POPULATIONS OF PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene I. Alfaro
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractTwo populations of Pissodes strobi (Peck), one from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and the other from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., were successfully induced to oviposit on the non-host lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia. The number of egg punctures excavated on the non-host was smaller than that on either Sitka or Engelmann spruce. Survival from egg to adult was similar on the non-host and the host trees. The two weevil populations differed in the degree to which lodgepole pine met the nutritional requirements for weevil development, as measured by weight of weevils and developmental time from egg to adult. In choice-feeding experiments, weevils reared in lodgepole pine rejected this species and chose Sitka spruce, suggesting that feeding preference in P. strobi is genetically fixed and therefore cannot be changed by rearing the insects on the non-host tree. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the idea of weevil control through the development of weevil-resistant varieties.

Factors contributing to the superior growth and N nutrition of 11-year-old lodgepole pine compared with Sitka spruce on a N-poor cedar-hemlock cutover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Bothwell ◽  
Cindy E Prescott ◽  
Melanie D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Retranslocation ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Poor Site

We tested several hypotheses to explain the superior growth and nitrogen (N) status of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Laws. var. contorta) compared with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) on a N-poor site by comparing N distribution, N retranslocation, rooting distribution, and mycorrhizal fungi in plots of 11-year-old trees on a cedar–hemlock cutover. Aboveground N content was nine times greater in pine than in spruce of the same age, and thus, we conclude that pine acquired more N during the 11 years than spruce. Greater N acquisition by pine was not related to rooting depth, as both species rooted primarily in the residual forest floor. There were differences in mycorrhizal fungal associates: a high proportion of pine roots were infected with Suillus-like fungi. Pine produced more aboveground biomass per unit N (388 compared with 292 g·g–1 in spruce) and distributed more N to young foliage. Nitrogen retranslocation efficiency (based on foliar N contents in July and October) was higher in pine (50–52%) than in spruce (24–36%). These characteristics all appear to contribute to pine's abilities to both acquire more N and use it more efficiently and, thus, outperform spruce on this N-poor site.

Relationship between cortical resin acids and resistance of Sitka spruce to the white pine weevil

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Tomlin ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Harold D. Pierce Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Cortical resin acids were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively among 10 provenances and 11 genotypes of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), putatively resistant to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and compared with susceptible trees. Trees in 5 of the 11 resistant genotypes had significantly greater amounts of cortical resin acid than susceptible trees. Of seven individual acids analyzed, pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acid, but not palustric acid, were found in significantly greater amounts in trees from resistant than susceptible provenances. Eighteen percent of the variation in resin acid content could be accounted for by variation in the capacity of cortical resin ducts, indicating that the other 82% of variation is a result of differences in resin acid concentration in the resin. Trees with very high resin acid levels may have a greater capacity for resinosis than susceptible trees, may deter feeding, or may produce resin that is toxic to eggs and larvae. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that several resistant clones, particularly two from the Kitwanga provenance, could be distinguished from others on the basis of their resin acid profiles. Because it separated trees on the basis of genotype, but not according to degree of resistance, canonical discriminant analysis may be more useful in "chemotyping" trees than in screening for resistance. Keywords: Picea, cortex, resin acids, Pissodes strobi, resistance.

PREDATION BY LONCHAEA CORTICIS (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE) ON THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Alfaro ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
White Pine Weevil

AbstractThe predatory behavior of Lonchaea corticis Taylor on the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., was studied by temporal sampling and dissection of terminal leaders, and by laboratory experiments. L. corticis oviposition occurred when mining P. strobi larvae were consolidating the feeding ring, an event that segregates the weevil larvae into healthy front-feeders and weak, starving "followers." The number of L. corticis within a Sitka spruce terminal was highly correlated with the number of weak and dying P. strobi larvae, but not with healthy larvae.L. corticis larvae experimentally deprived of dead P. strobi larvae, behaved as an effective predator, consuming both weak P. strobi larvae and healthy pupae, but apparently not healthy larvae. The transition of L. corticis from second to third instar appeared to occur only after sufficient weevils had been consumed. When an excess of prey was present, L. corticis larvae consumed a mean of 2.9 P. strobi pupae over their entire life cycle. In choice experiments, L. corticis larvae searched for and located mining P. strobi larvae, and fed preferentially on P. strobi pupae rather than granary weevil pupae, Sitophilus granarius L. Under certain circumstances, L. corticis could be an important regulatory agent of P. strobi populations.

HOST SPECIFICITY IN PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): ROLES OF GEOGRAPHY, GENETICS, AND BEHAVIOR

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Phillips ◽  
Gerald N. Lanier
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi

AbstractHost specificity of Pissodes strobi (Peck) from different geographic regions and genetic divergence of local host-associated weevil populations were studied in a series of experiments. Pacific coast P. strobi reared from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr (Pinaceae), were unable to successfully colonize either eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (Pinaceae), or western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don., in a forced-infestation study on interplanted trees in New York. Reproductively mature field-collected P. strobi from British Columbia did not oviposit on eastern white pine in New York, but field-collected New York weevils successfully reproduced in Sitka spruce leaders in British Columbia. Unacceptability of eastern white pine for western P. strobi was shown to be under genetic control, rather than influenced by prior host experience on Sitka spruce. Pissodes strobi originating from Sitka spruce but reared one generation in the laboratory on the exotic Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., were also unable to utilize eastern white pine as a host in a forced-infestation experiment in the field. Population genetic studies using allozyme electrophoresis found that P. strobi populations occurring on different host species within 2 km of each other had significant differences in allele frequencies in three out of four cases. These results suggest that P. strobi can exist as small breeding populations that can facilitate host specialization. Applied research on host resistance against P. strobi could target mechanisms that prevent western P. strobi from utilizing nonhosts such as eastern and western white pines.

Control of white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, on Sitka spruce using implants containing systemic insecticide

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 600-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Fraser ◽  
D. G. Heppner
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alternative Delivery ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Young Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., trees in three stands were treated with either Gelcaps® containing oxydemeton-methyl or Acecaps® containing acephate to test their effectiveness in protecting trees from white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) attack. All treatments were applied in late March 1989. Weevil attack was recorded in early September 1989, 1990 and 1991. Attack was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in all but one stand/treatment combination in 1989. Gelcaps provided significant protection (P < 0.01) in two of three stands after two years. Stem implants containing systemic insecticide can protect young Sitka spruce from weevil attack. Alternative delivery systems, such as the Ezect® lance, should be evaluated as they may improve the speed and lower the cost of operational treatments. Keywords: acephate, oxydemeton-methyl, stem implants, systemic insecticides, white pine weevil

Biochemical assays for identifying seeds of lodgepole pine and other conifers fed on by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron G Lait ◽  
Sarah L Bates ◽  
Karen K Morrissette ◽  
John H Borden ◽  
Allison R Kermode
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, for their use in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. The three assays included measurement of storage protein reserve depletion, immunodetection of fragments of insoluble (crystalloid) storage proteins, and immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins. Aborted seeds contained significantly less soluble and insoluble protein than seeds that were fed on by L. occidentalis. Polyclonal antibodies raised against 11S globulin crystalloid proteins or L. occidentalis salivary gland extracts only immunoreacted with proteins in seeds exposed to L. occidentalis feeding. In a single-blind test, antibody raised against salivary-gland extracts correctly distinguished between undamaged full seeds, unfilled aborted seeds, and seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. Immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins was also performed on seeds of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), Pinus ponderosa Lawson, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. For all species, immunoreactive polypeptides were only detected in seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. These biochemical marker-based techniques could help researchers and seed orchard managers estimate seed losses caused by L. occidentalis in commercial seed orchards and natural forest stands.Key words: Leptoglossus occidentalis, saliva, biochemical markers, polyclonal antibody, immunodetection, Pinus contorta.

Seasonal variation in foliar and bud monoterpenes in Sitka spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brooks ◽  
J. H. Borden ◽  
H. D. Pierce Jr. ◽  
G. R. Lister
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Component ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
University Of British Columbia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The University ◽  
Monoterpene Composition

As part of a study on the relationship between the monoterpene composition of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., and resistance to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, seasonal differences in the relative monoterpene content of developing buds and 1-year-old foliage were followed. In 2nd-year foliage of four trees from the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C., α-pinene and camphene levels increased in May and returned to their original levels by September. Myrcene, isopentenyl isovalerate, and camphor levels decreased in May. Isopentenyl isovalerate and camphor levels increased over the summer, but myrcene continued to decline, offsetting rising levels of 3-carene and β-pinene. To obtain representative monoterpene distributions, foliar samples should be taken after September 30, when trees are dormant for the winter. There was significant developmental variation in buds from 20 trees from Say ward, B.C. α-Pinene and β-pinene were prominent initially and then declined, while myrcene increased to become the major volatile component of the elongating buds. β-Phellandrene levels declined and then increased as the season progressed. There was no significant difference in percent monoterpene composition between buds from resistant and susceptible trees.

ASSESSING NATURAL SELECTION IN WHITE PINE WEEVILS (PISSODES STROBI PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FOR OVERCOMING RESISTANCE IN TREES: AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Tree Resistance ◽  
Pine Weevils ◽  
Evolution Of Tolerance

AbstractAn evolutionary model was constructed for the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck). This weevil attacks Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere], and Sitka spruce trees have two forms, one being susceptible to the insect attacks and the other being resistant to attack. There is a fear that insects may develop tolerance to the resistant trees. The strategy of interplanting susceptible and resistant trees to minimize the likelihood of the insects developing tolerance mechanisms to circumvent the resistance is examined. It is found that if only one gene locus is involved, the development of tolerance occurs more quickly than if resistance is governed by two independent loci. The rate of evolution of tolerance to tree resistance is retarded by increased adult survivorship, the degree of recessiveness of the gene, preferential attack of susceptible trees, redistribution of intolerant insects from resistant to susceptible trees, and the immigration of wild-type insects.

PINE OIL, A FEEDING DETERRENT FOR THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Alfaro ◽  
J. H. Borden ◽  
L. J. Harris ◽  
W. W. Nijholt ◽  
L. H. McMullen
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Feeding Deterrent ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Pine Oil ◽  
Feeding Bioassay ◽  
White Pine Weevil

AbstractPine oil effectively reduced feeding by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in a laboratory feeding bioassay utilizing agar discs containing dry, powdered bark of its host Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Possible utilization of pine oil under field conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting Spruce Weevil Damage in Sitka Spruce in the Northern Oregon Coast Range

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Lysak ◽  
Darrell W. Ross ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire ◽  
David L. Overhulser
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Oregon Coast Range ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Spruce Stands

Abstract The spruce weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), is a serious pest of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, in Oregon. Weevils cause damage by killing the leader of a tree, resulting in defects such as crooks and forks that can reduce tree merchantability. In this study,Sitka spruce stands 16–25 years old were surveyed to explore relationships among stand and site characteristics and weevil damage. Trees had an average of 2.8 defects, ranging from 0 to 10, with minor crooks being the most common type of defect. All stands had damage in at least 58% of the trees. The amount of damage was found positively correlated with distance from the ocean and growth rate and negatively correlated with elevation, latitude, and spruce density. These variables together accounted for 61% of variation in the amount of damage.

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