Factors contributing to the superior growth and N nutrition of 11-year-old lodgepole pine compared with Sitka spruce on a N-poor cedar-hemlock cutover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Bothwell ◽  
Cindy E Prescott ◽  
Melanie D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Retranslocation ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Poor Site

We tested several hypotheses to explain the superior growth and nitrogen (N) status of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Laws. var. contorta) compared with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) on a N-poor site by comparing N distribution, N retranslocation, rooting distribution, and mycorrhizal fungi in plots of 11-year-old trees on a cedar–hemlock cutover. Aboveground N content was nine times greater in pine than in spruce of the same age, and thus, we conclude that pine acquired more N during the 11 years than spruce. Greater N acquisition by pine was not related to rooting depth, as both species rooted primarily in the residual forest floor. There were differences in mycorrhizal fungal associates: a high proportion of pine roots were infected with Suillus-like fungi. Pine produced more aboveground biomass per unit N (388 compared with 292 g·g–1 in spruce) and distributed more N to young foliage. Nitrogen retranslocation efficiency (based on foliar N contents in July and October) was higher in pine (50–52%) than in spruce (24–36%). These characteristics all appear to contribute to pine's abilities to both acquire more N and use it more efficiently and, thus, outperform spruce on this N-poor site.

Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C Nicoll ◽  
Barry A Gardiner ◽  
Bill Rayner ◽  
Andrew J Peace
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Groups

A database was constructed of tree-anchorage measurements from almost 2000 trees from 12 conifer species that were mechanically overturned on 34 sites in the United Kingdom between 1960 and 2000. Anchorage was compared among species, soil groups (freely-draining mineral, gleyed mineral, peaty mineral, and deep peat) and root depth classes (shallow, <40 cm; medium, 40–80 cm; and deep, >80 cm) using regressions of critical turning moment against stem mass. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was used as a benchmark because it formed the largest part of the database and was the only species with all soil-group and depth-class combinations. Anchorage of Sitka spruce was strongest on peat and poorest on gleyed mineral soils. Deep rooting increased critical turning moments by 10%–15% compared with trees of equivalent mass with shallower roots. Significantly better anchorage than Sitka spruce was found for grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), with various rooting depths on freely draining and gleyed mineral soils and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on medium-depth mineral soil. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) had poorer anchorage than Sitka spruce over a range of soil groups and root depth classes. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on shallow gleyed mineral soil, and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) on medium depth mineral soil, also had poorer anchorage. Other combinations had similar anchorage to the equivalent Sitka spruce. These results are discussed with respect to the development of forest wind-risk models.

LABORATORY FEEDING AND COLONIZATION OF NON-HOST LODGEPOLE PINE BY TWO POPULATIONS OF PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene I. Alfaro
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractTwo populations of Pissodes strobi (Peck), one from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and the other from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., were successfully induced to oviposit on the non-host lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia. The number of egg punctures excavated on the non-host was smaller than that on either Sitka or Engelmann spruce. Survival from egg to adult was similar on the non-host and the host trees. The two weevil populations differed in the degree to which lodgepole pine met the nutritional requirements for weevil development, as measured by weight of weevils and developmental time from egg to adult. In choice-feeding experiments, weevils reared in lodgepole pine rejected this species and chose Sitka spruce, suggesting that feeding preference in P. strobi is genetically fixed and therefore cannot be changed by rearing the insects on the non-host tree. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the idea of weevil control through the development of weevil-resistant varieties.

Biochemical assays for identifying seeds of lodgepole pine and other conifers fed on by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron G Lait ◽  
Sarah L Bates ◽  
Karen K Morrissette ◽  
John H Borden ◽  
Allison R Kermode
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, for their use in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. The three assays included measurement of storage protein reserve depletion, immunodetection of fragments of insoluble (crystalloid) storage proteins, and immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins. Aborted seeds contained significantly less soluble and insoluble protein than seeds that were fed on by L. occidentalis. Polyclonal antibodies raised against 11S globulin crystalloid proteins or L. occidentalis salivary gland extracts only immunoreacted with proteins in seeds exposed to L. occidentalis feeding. In a single-blind test, antibody raised against salivary-gland extracts correctly distinguished between undamaged full seeds, unfilled aborted seeds, and seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. Immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins was also performed on seeds of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), Pinus ponderosa Lawson, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. For all species, immunoreactive polypeptides were only detected in seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. These biochemical marker-based techniques could help researchers and seed orchard managers estimate seed losses caused by L. occidentalis in commercial seed orchards and natural forest stands.Key words: Leptoglossus occidentalis, saliva, biochemical markers, polyclonal antibody, immunodetection, Pinus contorta.

Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Bradbury ◽  
R M Danielson ◽  
S Visser
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Study Sites

The ectomycorrhizal community associated with regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) after clear-cutting in southwestern Alberta was investigated in 6-, 10-, and 19-year-old cut blocks and their adjacent 90-year-old undisturbed control stands. Twenty different mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 90-year-old undisturbed stands. Of these 20, 13 mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 6-year-old cut blocks, and 15 mycorrhizal taxa were found in both the 10- and 19-year-old cut blocks. The most common associate of all stand ages was Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA), which overall colonized 29% (weighted average) of the root tips. Species or groups accounting for greater than 10% of the mycorrhizas in one or more age classes included Piloderma fallax (Karst.) Jül. (15% overall), Piloderma byssinum (Karst.) Jül. (11%), Cenococcum geophilum L. (8%), Russula-like (8%), Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze (5%), Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell & Dick (5%), and Lactarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (2%). Although several mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant differences in percent relative abundance of root tips colonized, when comparing cut blocks to their controls, there was no evidence to suggest that the suite of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of young lodgepole pine trees was replaced by a different suite of mycorrhizal fungi in mature stands. Extensive fruit body collections, totalling 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, throughout the study sites support this contention.Key words: Pinus contorta ectomycorrhizas, clear-cutting, second-rotation forests, succession.

Postglacial vegetation history of Mitkof Island, Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ager ◽  
Paul E. Carrara ◽  
Jane L. Smith ◽  
Victoria Anne ◽  
Joni Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
History Of

An AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen record from a peat deposit on Mitkof Island, southeastern Alaska provides a vegetation history spanning ∼12,900 cal yr BP to the present. Late Wisconsin glaciers covered the entire island; deglaciation occurred > 15,400 cal yr BP. The earliest known vegetation to develop on the island (∼12,900 cal yr BP) was pine woodland (Pinus contorta) with alder (Alnus), sedges (Cyperaceae) and ferns (Polypodiaceae type). By ∼12,240 cal yr BP, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) began to colonize the island while pine woodland declined. By ∼11,200 cal yr BP, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to spread across the island. Sitka spruce-mountain hemlock forests dominated the lowland landscapes of the island until ∼10,180 cal yr BP, when western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to colonize, and soon became the dominant tree species. Rising percentages of pine, sedge, and sphagnum after ∼7100 cal yr BP may reflect an expansion of peat bog habitats as regional climate began to shift to cooler, wetter conditions. A decline in alders at that time suggests that coastal forests had spread into the island's uplands, replacing large areas of alder thickets. Cedars (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata) appeared on Mitkof Island during the late Holocene.

Relationship between spacing and nitrogen fertilization of seedlings in the nursery, seedling mineral nutrition, and outplanting performance

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Outplanting Performance

Three nitrogen (N) levels and six seedling spacings were applied factorially in a randomized block design, of four replications, to coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) in the nursery. After growing for 2 years in the nursery, seedling dimensions, dry weights, and needle N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were determined. At the same time, samples of 400 trees per treatment were planted into the forest using the nursery design. Three years after outplanting, survival and height measurements were obtained for all species and, in addition, dry weights and nutrient concentrations for the coastal Douglas-fir. Both an increase in N fertilizer and wider spacing increased 2-year-old (2–0) seedling needle percent N, except in lodgepole pine. Wider spacing also increased percent P in interior Douglas-fir and percent K in lodgepole pine. Within the highest N fertilizer level the amount of variation in needle percent N accounted for by spacing was 75% in coastal Douglas-fir, 78% in interior Douglas-fir, and 92% in Sitka spruce. Needle percent N in 2–0 coastal Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce was positively correlated with survival (r2 = 0.24 and 0.35, respectively), total height (r2 = 0.48 and 0.61, respectively), and current height growth (r2 = 0.31 and 0.51, respectively) after 3 years in the forest. The relationships of spacing to 2–0 seedling percent N, and of 2–0 seedling percent N to outplanting performance indicated that, at least for Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce, spacing influenced outplanting performance through its effect on N nutrition. During 3 years in the forest, coastal Douglas-fir trees had maintained closely similar relative growth rates (RGR) in all treatments. Consequently, relative differences in 2–0 seedling dry weight between treatments of about threefold between 0.6- and 12-cm spacing and twofold between 60 and 235 kg N/ha fertilizer levels, had been maintained. After 3 years in the forest there were no differences in nutrient concentrations between nursery N treatments, indicating that reserves available at lifting had been dissipated, but nutrient concentrations tended to decrease with wider spacing. This suggested some unidentified wide spacing effect was promoting growth and causing nutrient dilution in the tissue.

Decomposition and nitrogen release from decomposing woody roots in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest: a chronosequence approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Chen ◽  
Mark E Harmon ◽  
Robert P Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Resin Cores

Decomposition of woody roots in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) dominated forests in Oregon, U.S.A. was studied using a chronosequence. Roots of five coniferous species were excavated from stumps with ages up to 46 years old. In order of increasing decomposition rate constant (k) the species were Douglas-fir < Sitka spruce < lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) < western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg) < ponderosa pine. Variation in the proportion of bark, wood, and resin cores was correlated to these differences. Root wood showed the highest k, root bark the second, and resin cores the lowest. The occurrence of resin cores in woody roots of Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, and lodgepole pine greatly slowed the decomposition of these species. White rots occurred frequently in ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine, whereas brown rots mostly appeared in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce. Species with white rot had a higher k than those with brown rot. Decomposing woody roots started to release N after 20–30% mass loss, a point when the dead root C/N ratio averaged 140.

Forest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affects subsequent attack in a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest, USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2403-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kashian ◽  
Rebecca M. Jackson ◽  
Heather D. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The 1960S

Extensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate-level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diameter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak severities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same location. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks — an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in outbreak frequency and extent.

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