SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND HOST SYNCHRONY OF DACNUSA DRYAS (NIXON) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) PARASITIZING THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (RONDANI) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Guppy ◽  
F. Meloche ◽  
D.G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Host Detection ◽  
Host Pupa ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer ◽  
Agromyza Frontella

AbstractStudies in eastern Ontario showed that the exotic parasite Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) typically has three generations a year that correspond seasonally to those of its host, the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani). The mature larvae of the third generation enter diapause in September and resume development in the spring. The egg – first instar interval, which occurs within the actively feeding leafminer, developed at rates similar to those of the host larva. The remaining two instars and the pupa, which occur within the host puparium, developed at rates similar to those of the host pupa; in the two non-diapausing generations, the durations of these stages decreased with rise in temperature from 13 to 23 °C. Coincidence of wasp flight and hatch of leafminer eggs was high in all three generations. This host–parasite synchrony results mainly from a sequence of three events during their life cycles: lack of development of the parasite beyond the first instar within the host larva, a temperature-dependent rate of development of the subsequent stages which is similar to that of the host pupa, and different overwintering strategies which result in the parasite emerging later than its host to sustain the relationship. Behavior of the parasite is described in relation to host detection, egg deposition, and reproduction.

scholarly journals Obligate development of Blastocrithidia papi (Trypanosomatidae) in the Malpighian tubules of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera) and coordination of host-parasite life cycles

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e0204467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander O. Frolov ◽  
Marina N. Malysheva ◽  
Anna I. Ganyukova ◽  
Vyacheslav Yurchenko ◽  
Alexei Y. Kostygov
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Pyrrhocoris Apterus ◽  
Host Parasite

The oldest-known metazoan parasite?

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bassett ◽  
Leonid E. Popov ◽  
Lars E. Holmer
Keyword(s):  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Devonian Age ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Feeding Systems

A unique specimen of the micromorphic fossil lingulate (organophosphatic-shelled) brachiopod Linnarssonia constans Koneva, 1983 from the late Lower Cambrian Shabakty Group of the Malyi Karatau Range in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, preserves evidence of infestation within the mantle cavity by a vermiform animal, leading to the growth of an internal tubular protuberance (Fig. 1) resulting from symbiosis some 520 million years ago. Examples of symbiotic relationships between metazoans in the early Paleozoic are sparse (Conway Morris, 1981, 1990; Conway Morris and Crompton, 1982). Descriptions of a variety of galls and tumorlike swellings in some trilobites extend records back to the Middle Cambrian (Conway Morris, 1990), but their interpretation as traces of endoparasitic activity remains somewhat speculative. Thus galllike swellings on the stems of Silurian echinoderms (Franzen, 1974), vermiform tubes on some early Ordovician dendroid graptolites (Conway Morris, 1990), and various tubes and blisters on graptoloid graptolites (see Bates and Loydell, 2000 for review) are among the hitherto earliest known convincing records of host-parasite relationships within metazoans. Our example reported here predates the oldest of these previous records by approximately 35 to 40 million years, and demonstrates that symbiosis involving complex adaptations (e.g., larval settlement on or within living tissue and exploitation of feeding systems of the host) and codependent life cycles were already established soon after the ‘explosive’ evolutionary radiation of marine metazoans in the early Cambrian. The fossil evidence of infestation on lophophorates is especially sparse, at best. The oldest hitherto undoubted records are both from brachiopods of Devonian age, in the Lower Devonian Emsian Stage of eastern Australia and in the Middle Devonian Givetian Stage of the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Habitat Type on Parasitism ofEctatomma ruidumby Eucharitid Wasps

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymer Andrés Vásquez-Ordóñez ◽  
Inge Armbrecht ◽  
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Ectatomma Ruidum ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

Eucharitidae are parasitoids that use immature stages of ants for their development.KapalaCameron is the genus most frequently collected in the Neotropics, but little is known about the biology and behavior of any of the species of this genus. We aimed to evaluate the effect of habitat type on eucharitid parasitism and to contribute to the knowledge of the host-parasite relationship betweenKapalasp. and the poneromorph antEctatomma ruidum(Roger) in Colombia. TwentyE. ruidumcolonies were extracted from two different habitat types (woodland and grassland), and larvae and cocoons (pupae) were examined in search for parasitoids in different stages of development. Globally, 60% of the colonies were parasitized, with 1.3% of larvae and 4% of pupae parasitized. Planidia (first-instar larvae), pupae, and adults of the parasitoid were observed. All of the pupae and adult parasitoids belonged toKapala iridicolorCameron. All the colonies collected in the woodlands were parasitized and contained more parasitized larvae (2%) and parasitized cocoons (8%) than those collected in grasslands (4/12 parasitized colonies, 0.5% parasitized larvae, 0.8% parasitized cocoons). The relationship observed between habitat type and parasitism prevalence is a novel aspect of the study of eucharitid impact on ant host populations.

Identification of female sex pheromone in alfalfa blotch leafminer,Agromyza frontella (Rondani)(Diptera: Agromyzidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 947-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Carri�re ◽  
Jocelyn G. Millar ◽  
Jeremy N. McNeil ◽  
David Miller ◽  
E. W. Underbill
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Female Sex Pheromone ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer ◽  
Agromyza Frontella

Coevolutionary interactions between host life histories and parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S47-S55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Koella ◽  
P. Agnew ◽  
Y. Michalakis
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Life ◽  
Host Parasite

SummarySeveral recent studies have discussed the interaction of host life-history traits and parasite life cycles. It has been observed that the life-history of a host often changes after infection by a parasite. In some cases, changes of host life-history traits reduce the costs of parasitism and can be interpreted as a form of resistance against the parasite. In other cases, changes of host life-history traits increase the parasite's transmission and can be interpreted as manipulation by the parasite. Alternatively, changes of host's life-history traits can also induce responses in the parasite's life cycle traits. After a brief review of recent studies, we treat in more detail the interaction between the microsporidian parasite Edhazardia aedis and its host, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We consider the interactions between the host's life-history and parasite's life cycle that help shape the evolutionary ecology of their relationship. In particular, these interactions determine whether the parasite is benign and transmits vertically or is virulent and transmits horizontally.Key words: host-parasite interaction, life-history, life cycle, coevolution.

The biology and post-embryonic development of Opius ilicis n.sp., a parasite of the holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis Curt.)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewen Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Pupa ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Complete Account

1. While investigating the parasites of the holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis Curt.) with a view to utilizing them in the control of this troublesome pest of holly in western Canada, a species of Opius, which on examination proved to be new to science, was reared from the fly puparia.2. A fairly complete account of the general systematics, distribution, biology, and morphology of the various developmental stages of this parasite is set down in the preceding pages. The primary larva is particularly interesting because of its unusual orientation. After the anatomical details had been worked out it was discovered that the concave side of the larva, which would normally be regarded as the ventral surface, is actually the dorsal one.3. The genus Opius, whose distribution is world-wide, contains a very large number of species which parasitize important economic pests. In temperate regions the insects which suffer most from their attacks are species of Pegomyia, Agromyza, Rhagoletis, Phytomyza and Cerodonta, whilst in tropical and subtropical areas the most favoured hosts belong to one or other of the two genera Dacus and Anastrepha.4. The host relationship of the genus, because of its importance from both economic and taxonomic standpoints, is discussed at some length.5. In the first stadium Opius ilicis is a larval parasite, but the three succeeding instars live in the host pupa, and the imago emerges from the puparium. A very interesting phase in the life history of this parasite occurs towards the end of the first stage. At this point the development of the larva is arrested and further growth cannot take place until the host has pupated.6. Very little work has so far been carried out on the larval morphology of the Opiinae, but that done up to the present, including the foregoing descriptions, would seem to indicate that the larvae of this tribe form a fairly homogeneous group. The main distinguishing characters of these larvae are listed in section VII of this paper.7. It is pointed out that O. ilicis, in spite of being intrinsically inferior to Chrysocharis gemma, is responsible for the destruction of a certain number of hosts which escape the attentions of the latter parasite, and although the percentage accounted for is small (maximum parasitism in 1939 4%), it nevertheless fills a particular niche of its own, and so must be of some definite value in the scheme of control.8. The chief method employed by the first instar of Chrysocharis gemma in the destruction of rival Opius larvae would appear to be direct mandibular attack. Several reasons have been put forward to account for the decided inferiority which is exhibited by the Braconid when it comes into conflict with this Chalcid.9. In section X, a number of interesting points which have a general bearing on the study of parasite larvae are discussed. These include the cephalic skeleton and its probable function in successive instars, the taxonomic value of this structure in the parasitic Hymenoptera, the apparent absence of a tracheal system in the second and third instar larvae of O. ilicis, and arrested development in the Opiinae and some related forms.

Size influences male mating success in the alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Andersen ◽  
Jeremy N. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Male Size ◽  
Female Life History ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer ◽  
Agromyza Frontella

Male size is an important parameter in mate choice for many species and has been associated with such female life-history parameters as increased fecundity or fertility and larger progeny (Phelan and Baker 1986; Savalli and Fox 1998, 1999; Brown 1999). In the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), intraspecific larval competition may significantly influence the size of both males and females (Quiring and McNeil 1984a). The influence of female size on female reproductive success has been studied (Quiring and McNeil 1984b, 1984c), but to date, no attention has been given to the possible effects of male size. The objectives of this study were to determine if differences in male size, the result of intraspecific larval competition, affected male longevity and reproductive success, as well as various parameters of female reproduction.

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