scholarly journals Effect of Habitat Type on Parasitism ofEctatomma ruidumby Eucharitid Wasps

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymer Andrés Vásquez-Ordóñez ◽  
Inge Armbrecht ◽  
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Ectatomma Ruidum ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

Eucharitidae are parasitoids that use immature stages of ants for their development.KapalaCameron is the genus most frequently collected in the Neotropics, but little is known about the biology and behavior of any of the species of this genus. We aimed to evaluate the effect of habitat type on eucharitid parasitism and to contribute to the knowledge of the host-parasite relationship betweenKapalasp. and the poneromorph antEctatomma ruidum(Roger) in Colombia. TwentyE. ruidumcolonies were extracted from two different habitat types (woodland and grassland), and larvae and cocoons (pupae) were examined in search for parasitoids in different stages of development. Globally, 60% of the colonies were parasitized, with 1.3% of larvae and 4% of pupae parasitized. Planidia (first-instar larvae), pupae, and adults of the parasitoid were observed. All of the pupae and adult parasitoids belonged toKapala iridicolorCameron. All the colonies collected in the woodlands were parasitized and contained more parasitized larvae (2%) and parasitized cocoons (8%) than those collected in grasslands (4/12 parasitized colonies, 0.5% parasitized larvae, 0.8% parasitized cocoons). The relationship observed between habitat type and parasitism prevalence is a novel aspect of the study of eucharitid impact on ant host populations.

Host—parasite relationships of Blastocrithidia familiaris in Lygaeus pandurus Scop. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Tieszen ◽  
D. H. Molyneux ◽  
S. K. Abdel-Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Wall ◽  
Peritrophic Membrane ◽  
Unit Membrane ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Outer Unit

SUMMARYBlastocrithidia familiaris were found to be parasitic in the midgut, ileum and rectum of Lygaeus pandurus. The host—parasite relationship is described. Attachment of parasites in the midgut and ileum occurs by interdigitation of expanded flagella over and between the microvilli. No attachment to microvilli was observed where extracellular membranes form well-organized layers which lie parallel to the gut wall and completely separate the microvilli border from the lumen. The extracellular membranes originate from delamination of the outer unit membrane of microvilli which consists of a double plasma membrane. The function of the extracellular membrane layers and their possible role as a peritrophic membrane in preventing parasite attachment is discussed in relation to previous studies on midgut cells in Hemiptera with a similar apical coat on midgut microvilli. In the rectum, parasites attach to the cuticle of the gland cells and not to the rest of the rectal wall. Attachment to the cuticle occurs by the formation of hemidesmosomes. A comparison of the relationship of B. familiaris and its host to previous ultrastructural studies of associations between kinetoplastid flagellates and their respective hosts is discussed.

scholarly journals CHRONIC CHAGASIC CARDIOPATHY: THE PRODUCT OF A TURBULENT HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Lourdes HIGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Infiltrate ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Indeterminate Form ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

The pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiopathy is still a debated matter. In this review, the main theories raised about it since the first description of the disease in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, are considered. The scarcity of T.cruzi parasites into the myocardium and the apparent lack of correlation between their presence and the occurrence of myocardial inflammatory infiltrate, have originated many theories indicating that chronic Chagas' cardiopathy is an autoimmune disease. Recently however, papers using immunohistochemical technique or PCR have demonstrated a strong association between moderate or severe myocarditis and presence of T.cruzi Ags, indicating a direct participation of the parasite in the genesis of chronic chagasic myocarditis. Different patterns of cytokine production seem to have important role in the outcome of the disease. Participation of the microcirculatory alterations and fibrosis as well as the relationship with the parasite are also emphasized. Finally, the author suggests that the indeterminate form of the disease occurs when the host immunological response against the parasite is more efficient while the chronic cardiopathy occurs in patients with hyperergic and inefficient immune response

The dynamics of the host–parasite relationship

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Wagland ◽  
J. K. Dineen
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Threshold Behaviour ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immunological Attack

A group of thirty-nine Merino-Border Leicester cross-bred lambs were given six sensitizing doses each of 3000 infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Previous studies showed that this treatment produced a state of immunological exhaustion (Dineen & Wagland, 1966a). In the present study the regeneration of the immunological response was followed by challenging the sensitized animals and previously uninfected control animals with 3000 infective larvae at 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after termination of the sensitizing infections with an anthelmintic. Faecal egg counts were carried out on infected animals twice weekly throughout the course of the experiment, and differential worm counts were performed on groups of animals slaughtered 48 days after challenge.The results show that maximum regeneration of the immune response occurred when periods of 4 and 8 weeks were permitted to elapse between removal of the sensitizing infections and challenge. At 16 weeks the response of the sensitized animals to challenge infection was not significantly different from that of the control animals.In contrast to results recorded in the previous communication, a high mortality (49%) occurred among the sheep during sensitization. In the earlier experiment the sensitizing infections were given at fortnightly intervals whereas they were given at weekly intervals in the present experiment.Interpretation of the study is based upon the threshold behaviour of immunological responsiveness in parasite immunity, the occurrence of an immunological latent period and the relationship of this period to the developmental rate of the parasite, the susceptibility of the 4th larval stage to immunological attack, and the immunological privilege of the adult worm. These phenomena have been described in previous communications in the present series.We are greatly indebted to Mr Emil Teleki and Misses Helen Giller and Lindy Stothart for their excellent technical assistance.

scholarly journals An invasive species reverses the roles in a host–parasite relationship between bitterling fish and unionid mussels

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reichard ◽  
Milan Vrtílek ◽  
Karel Douda ◽  
Carl Smith
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Unionid Mussels ◽  
Invading Species ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Anodonta Woodiana ◽  
Invasive Mussel ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The impact of multiple invading species can be magnified owing to mutual facilitation—termed ‘invasional meltdown’—but invasive species can also be adversely affected by their interactions with other invaders. Using a unique reciprocal host–parasite relationship between a bitterling fish ( Rhodeus amarus ) and unionid mussels, we show that an invasive mussel reverses the roles in the relationship. Bitterling lay their eggs into mussel gills, and mussel larvae parasitize fish. Bitterling recently colonized Europe and parasitize all sympatric European mussels, but are unable to use a recently invasive mussel, Anodonta woodiana . The parasitic larvae of A. woodiana successfully develop on R. amarus , whereas larvae of European mussels are rejected by bitterling. This demonstrates that invading species may temporarily benefit from a coevolutionary lag by exploiting evolutionarily naive hosts, but the resulting relaxed selection may facilitate its exploitation by subsequent invading species, leading to unexpected consequences for established interspecific relationships.

Susceptibilities of Various Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to Different Strains of the Parasite

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F.A. Saoud
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

In the past two decades, considerable evidence has accumulated in the literature about the differences in the susceptibility of various intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to different strains of the parasite. Comprehensive studies on this aspect of host-parasite relationship have been published by Files & Cram (1949), Abdel-Malek (1950) and Files (1951). The results of more recent studies have been reported by Wright (1962) and Saoud (1964).In the present paper, the writer has studied the susceptibility of four intermediate hosts of S. mansoni from Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt and Tanganyika to some strains of the parasite.

Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis). II. The effect of sex on experimental infections in the rat (an abnormal host)

Parasitology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

1. The male rat is more susceptible to infections ofNematospiroides dubiusthan the female. As the rat grows older the resistance of the female rat to infection increases at a greater rate than that of the male.2. The course of the infection is modified by the sex of the host.3. More larvae penetrated the intestinal mucosa to encyst in the male than in the female. More larvae, however, formed cysts in the female than in the male rat by the fifth day.4. The male harboured more adult worms than the female rat, although this difference was not significant in the immature animals.5. The sex resistance of the rat toN. dubiusinfections was removed by bilateral gonadectomy. Castration decreased the susceptibility of the male rat, while spaying increased it in the female compared with the susceptibility in the respective normal hosts.6. Subsequent replacement of the homologous sex hormone in the gonadectomized rat restores the sex resistance, and may even increase it (particularly in the immature animals). Oestradiol increased the resistance of the spayed female rat, while testosterone increased the susceptibility of the castrate male rat to infection.7. Oestradiol implanted in castrate male rats increased the resistance of these hosts to a greater level than was shown in the normal male rat.8. The rat shows a marked age resistance over which the sex resistance is superimposed.9. The relationship between the sex of the host and its resistance to infection is discussed.This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.

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