THE METHOD BY WHICH LARVAE OF DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (LINTNER) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) GAIN ACCESS TO THE INTERIOR OF GALLS INDUCED BY PARADIPLOSIS TUMIFEX GAGNÉ (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Akar ◽  
E.A. Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Gain Access

The balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné, oviposits in newly opening buds of balsam fir. Eggs hatch in 2–3 days. First-instar larvae crawl to and usually settle on the proximal adaxial surface of developing needles. Needle tissues near the larva proliferate, and the larva appears to sink into the needle as the gall forms around the feeding site (West and Shorthouse 1982). Another gall midge, Dasineura balsamicola (Lintner), is an inquiline in the gall of P. turnifex. Its eggs are laid at approximately the same time and place as those of P. tumifex, and larvae of both species are often found in the same gall.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE WILLOW BEAKED GALL MIDGE, MAYETIOLA RIGIDAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Salix Discolor

AbstractThe willow beaked gall midge, Mayetiola rigidae (Osten Sacken), is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from bud galls on Salix discolor Mühl. and other willows on mornings of warm days in early April. Eggs are laid singly on or near the buds of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The last two instars each possess a spatula. The first-instar larva emerges in late April and penetrates the soft bud tissues. The gall begins to develop at the beginning of the second instar in mid-May. The third instar appears in early July and continues to enlarge the gall until fall. Prior to overwintering, the larva lines the inner chamber of the gall with silk and constructs one to seven silken septa across the passageway. Pupation occurs in mid-March. The gall deforms the stem and occasionally a galled branch dies or breaks off.

scholarly journals Occurrence, development and gall polymorphism of Harmandiola cavernosa (Rübs.) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Urban
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Forest District

A gall midge Harmandiola cavernosa (Rübs.) is the second most frequent Cecidomyiidae species on Po­pu­lus tremula in the CR. In 2007 and 2008, it occurred very abundantly in Forest District Bílovice nad Svitavou, Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest in Křtiny (former Brno-venkov District). Imagoes occurred there at the end of April and at the beginning of May. Galls grew up as early as at the end the first week in May. The formation of galls is mainly indicated by larvae of the first instar and partly larvae of the second instar. Larvae of the third instar did not participate in the creation of galls. Mature galls were on average 5.4 mm long, 4.8 mm wide and 4.7 mm high showing an inner chamber of an ave­ra­ge length 2.4 mm and width 1.4 mm. Larvae abandoned galls from the end of May until mid-July. On average, 44% larvae completed successfully their development in galls. About 26% larvae were killed by insect parasitoids (mainly Torymus quercinus Boh.) and then same proportion of larvae died without any apparent exogenous causes). Insect predators and birds killed 4% larvae on average. It has been found that mortality factors markedly participated in the size, morphological, anatomical and physiognomic differentiation of galls. Gall polymorphism was analysed in detail in the paper. Galls significantly unfavourably affected the size of leaves and thus also photosynthesis.1

Morphology of the balsam fir needle gall induced by the midge Paradiplosis tumifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. West ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Resin Ducts

Paradiplosis tumifex induces a simple, single-chambered, prosoplasmic gall on the adaxial surface of current-year needles of balsam fir. Proliferating and enlarged mesophyll cells surround the immature larva except for an ostiolar opening on the adaxial surface. The vascular bundle is not affected by gall formation, but the cells lining the resin ducts are altered. As the gall matures the epidermis and one or two layers of underlying mesophyll cells become lignified. Concentrations of starch granules are retained in gall cells after starch has been dissipated in tissues beyond the gall and in nongalled needles. Host damage occurs when galled needles dry and abscise prematurely.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) PARASITIC ON BALSAM GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. MacGown ◽  
E. A. Osgood
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Two New Species

AbstractTwo new species of Platygaster accounting for high rates of parasitism in balsam gall midge are described. These appear to be widely distributed within the range of balsam fir in North America.

EFFICACY OF OIL-BASED FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST THE HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUEN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. West ◽  
A.G. Raske ◽  
A. Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractOil-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki, Dipel 132, Dipel 176, and Dipel 264, were aerially applied at rates of 1.18–2.36 L/ha over five 30-ha plots in a balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., forest in efficacy tests against the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), in Newfoundland. Double applications of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) per hectare of each formulation and single applications of 40 BIU per hectare of Dipel 176 and Dipel 264 were tested. Larval population reductions of more than 95% and no defoliation of old or new foliage were observed in the plots receiving double applications and in the plot treated with a single application of Dipel 264. Larval numbers were reduced by 85% and defoliation was 4% in the plot treated once with Dipel 176.These treatments were applied against low to moderate larval populations, and their success was attributed to excellent spray coverage and early application when 50% or more of the larvae were still in their first instar.

THE BIOLOGY OF LAEMOPHLOEUS FERRUGINEUS (STEPH.)

1949 ◽  
Vol 27d (3) ◽  
pp. 112-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Omar Rilett
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Gain Access

Life history and morphological studies were made on Laemophloeus ferrugineus (Steph.), a coleopterous pest of stored grain and other products.Temperature greatly affected the rate of development of L. ferrugineus. At a relative humidity of 75%, eggs at 80° F. hatched in four to five days, at 90° F. in three to four days, and at 100° F. in two to three days. Similarly, the period from hatching of the egg to the emergence of the imago at 70° F. was from 69 to 103 days, at 80° F. from 26 to 38 days, at 90°F. from 19 to 33 days, and at 100° F. from 17 to 26 days. First instar larvae did not survive at a temperature of 110° F.An increase in relative humidity within the range from 50 to 75% accelerated development during the larval feeding period. Above 75% relative humidity there was no significant acceleration of development. Mortality was very high at relative humidities below 50%—all larvae failing to develop at a relative humidity of 25%. At 90° F. the period from the hatching of the egg to the emergence of the imago at 50% relative humidity was from 28 to 42 days, at 65% relative humidity from 23 to 33 days, at 75% from 19 to 25 days, at 90% relative humidity from 18 to 25 days, and at 100% relative humidity from 18 to 27 days. The optimum environmental condition for the development of L. ferrugineus was from 90° F. to 100° F. at a relative humidity of 75% or higher.L. ferrugineus populations increased more rapidly in whole rye and wheat grain than in the same materials when they were coarsely ground. Just the opposite was true in the case of oats, barley, corn, sunflower, flax, and soybeans. Whole kernels of rye, wheat, corn, and rice were decreasingly susceptible to injury in the order named, while whole kernels of oats and barley, and the seeds of sunflower, flax, and soybeans were practically free from injury by L. ferrugineus at humidity levels normally occurring in stored grains and seeds. Although first instar larvae did gain access to the wheat germ of grain described commercially as being "whole, sound, and undamaged", they were unable to successfully attack whole wheat kernels that had no breaks in their bran layers. The breaks need only to be microscopic in size to allow penetration by the larvae.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHALCIDOID WASPS (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITIC ON THE BALSAM GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN MAINE

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. MacGown
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Two New Species

AbstractPseudencyrtus borealis and Tetrastichus cecidivorus n. spp. are described as parasites of Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné. Both were reared from balsam fir needle galls in late summer and fall.

A comparison of the susceptibility of the rice varieties, IR8 and Warangal 1263, to attack by the gall midge, Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason)(Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. D. Modder ◽  
A. Alagoda
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Shoot Apices ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Daily observations were made of the developmental stages of Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason) on laboratory-infested IR8 and W1263 rice seedlings at Peradeniya, Ceylon. The previously observed resistance of W1263 was attributed to the inhibition of moulting of first-instar larvae in 40% of the terminal shoot apices. In comparisons of the two varieties, differences in the following parameters were not significant or of no importance: the numbers of P. oryzae eggs laid and their hatching time, the mortality rates of the developmental stages, the number, body length and activity of the larvae and pupae at the terminal apices, and gall length.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EARLY INSTARS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO HETERORHABDITIS HELIOTHIDIS (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287
Author(s):  
Jean R. Finney ◽  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Cryptic Habitats ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Finney et al. (1982) reported on the susceptibility of the 4th to 6th larval instars and pupae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) to Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks and Hirschmann). This report describes the susceptibility of the first three larval instars to the nematode. First-instar larvae search for suitable sites where they spin hibernacula in which they molt and overwinter as second-instar larvae. Most third-instar larvae burrow within the balsam fir buds. All these stages occupy cryptic habitats to which delivery of chemical pesticides is a problem. Rhabditid nematodes, which can actively seek out a target insect, may prove a more useful control agent under these circumstances.

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