Morphology of the balsam fir needle gall induced by the midge Paradiplosis tumifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. West ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Resin Ducts

Paradiplosis tumifex induces a simple, single-chambered, prosoplasmic gall on the adaxial surface of current-year needles of balsam fir. Proliferating and enlarged mesophyll cells surround the immature larva except for an ostiolar opening on the adaxial surface. The vascular bundle is not affected by gall formation, but the cells lining the resin ducts are altered. As the gall matures the epidermis and one or two layers of underlying mesophyll cells become lignified. Concentrations of starch granules are retained in gall cells after starch has been dissipated in tissues beyond the gall and in nongalled needles. Host damage occurs when galled needles dry and abscise prematurely.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

Ultrastructural observations on guard cells of Vicia faba and Allium porrum

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Allaway ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

Stomata of Vicia faba and Allium porrum were examined in thin section with the electron microscope. Guard cells contained numerous mitochondria, few plastids, and relatively small vacuoles traversed by many strands of cytoplasm. Spherosomes were often observed but were variable in occurrence. Endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were present, although not well developed. Scattered microtubules were present at the periphery of the cells. Microbodies were very rarely observed in guard cells and no plasmodesmata were ever seen in the guard cell walls. Plastids were small and irregular in outline in guard cells of both species. Guard cell plastids of V. faba contained abundant large starch granules. In both species thylakoids were few and grana were small in comparison with mesophyll plastids. The inner of the two bounding membranes of guard cell chloroplasts was extensively invaginated, forming a peripheral reticulum. This was not observed in mesophyll plastids of these species. Small groups of microtubule-like structures were often observed in V. faba guard cell plastids; microtubule-like structures were less frequent in A. porrum plastids, and were not in groups. The structures described are compared with those of other epidermal cells and mesophyll cells, and are discussed in relation to guard cell physiology.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF AUTUMN LEAVES

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Stearns ◽  
E. B. Wagenaar
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Stroma Lamellae ◽  
Typical Summer ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Acer Ginnala ◽  
Rhus Typhina

The phenomenon of aging of leaves in autumn was studied in three deciduous trees, viz. Acer ginnala Maxim., Populus tremuloides Michx. and Rhus typhina L. The leaves were collected at three stages of development: at maximum summer development, at early senescence, and at a full senescence. Electron microscope studies of fully matured leaves generally showed lens-shaped chloroplasts fairly uniform in shape and size with extensive granalamellae, large starch granules and a few small lipid globules. Green, partly senescent leaves had somewhat smaller chloroplasts with large lipid globules within the reduced stroma-lamellae; virtually no starch granules were present. Fully senescent, brightly coloured, autumn leaves showed a definite decrease in size and number of chloroplasts. These plastids had lost their typical summer structure, were small and cylindrical, and contained densely packed globules that replaced the membrane structures. The presence of the carotenoids in these globules probably contributed to the autumn pigmentation of the leaves. Not all leaf cells followed the above described pattern of senescence at the same rate. The chloroplasts of palisade cells degraded earlier than those in the mesophyll cells.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol-induced Leaf, Stem, and Root Anatomical Modifications in Potato

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekalign Tsegaw ◽  
S. Hammes ◽  
J. Robbertse
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) treatment with paclobutrazol resulted in short and compact plants having dark green and thicker leaves, and wider stem and root diameters. Investigating the underlying anatomical modifications in response to the treatment was the objective of the study. Plants of potato cultivar BP 1 were treated with 0, 45.0, 67.5, and 90.0 mg paclobutrazol per plant as a foliar spray. A month after treatment leaf, stem and root materials were taken from the control and plants treated with 67.5 mg paclobutrazol, and histological observations were made using light microscope. Leaves of treated plants showed an increased chlorophyll a and b contents, thicker epicuticular wax layer, elongated and thicker epidermal, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells. paclobutrazol increased stem diameter by about 58% due to induction of thicker cortex, larger vascular bundles, and wider pith diameter associated with larger pith cells. Widening the cortex and the induction of more secondary xylem vessels in response to paclobutrazol treatment increased the root diameter by about 52%. Paclobutrazol treatment remarkably increased the accumulation of starch granules in the stem pith cells and cortical cells of the stem and root. This study is similar to the other relevant studies in reporting an increased leaf thickness, and stem and root diameters; however, most of the underlying anatomical modifications described above have not been reported previously.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis leaf hydraulic conductance is regulated by xylem-sap pH, controlled, in turn, by a P-type H+-ATPase of vascular bundle sheath cells

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Grunwald ◽  
Noa Wigoda ◽  
Nir Sade ◽  
Adi Yaaran ◽  
Tanmayee Torne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Sheath Cells

AbstractThe leaf vascular bundle sheath cells (BSCs) that tightly envelop the leaf veins, are a selective and dynamic barrier to xylem-sap water and solutes radially entering the mesophyll cells. Under normal conditions, xylem-sap pH of <6 is presumably important for driving and regulating the transmembranal solute transport. Having discovered recently a differentially high expression of a BSCs proton pump, AHA2, we now test the hypothesis that it regulates this pH and leaf radial water fluxes.We monitored the xylem-sap pH in the veins of detached leaves of WT Arabidopsis, AHA mutants, and aha2 mutants complemented with AHA2 gene solely in BSCs. We tested an AHA inhibitor and stimulator, and different pH buffers. We monitored their impact on the xylem-sap pH and the whole leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), and the effect of pH on the water osmotic permeability (Pf) of isolated BSCs protoplasts.Our results demonstrated that AHA2 is necessary for xylem-sap acidification, and in turn, for elevating Kleaf. Conversely, knocking out AHA2 alkalinized the xylem-sap. Also, elevating xylem sap pH to 7.5 reduced Kleaf and elevating external pH to 7.5 decreased the BSCs Pf.All these demonstrate a causative link between AHA2 activity in BSCs and leaf radial water conductance.One-sentence summaryBundle-sheath cells can control the leaf hydraulic conductance by proton-pump-regulated xylem sap pH

Leaf ultrastructure in species of Gomphrena and Pfaffia (Amaranthaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Emília Estelita-Teixeira ◽  
Walter Handro
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Chloroplast Structure ◽  
Leaf Ultrastructure ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lamellar System ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Vascular Parenchyma

Ultrastructural aspects, especially the organization of chloroplasts and their distribution, were studied in leaves of three species of Gomphrena (G. macrocephala, G. prostrata, and G. decipiens) presenting "Kranz anatomy," and in Pfaffia jubata, without that characteristic. In Gomphrena spp. the distribution of chloroplasts according to the complexity of their lamellar system seems to follow a gradient: most of the chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells have poorly developed grana but some of them, in the cell side opposite to the vascular bundle, may present conspicuous grana. A similar situation occurs in "Kranz mesophyll cells," but in this case grana are more developed. Finally, chloroplasts in "non-Kranz mesophyll cells" have the more developed grana. In P. jubata no differences occur in chloroplast structure, all of them showing well-organized grana. Chloroplasts with well-developed grana were found in vascular parenchyma and in companion cells of Gomphrena spp. and P. jubata.

scholarly journals Starch Granules in Arabidopsis thaliana Mesophyll and Guard Cells Show Similar Morphology but Differences in Size and Number

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5666
Author(s):  
Qingting Liu ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Joerg Fettke
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Transitory Starch ◽  
Confocal Scanning

Transitory starch granules result from complex carbon turnover and display specific situations during starch synthesis and degradation. The fundamental mechanisms that specify starch granule characteristics, such as granule size, morphology, and the number per chloroplast, are largely unknown. However, transitory starch is found in the various cells of the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, but comparative analyses are lacking. Here, we adopted a fast method of laser confocal scanning microscopy to analyze the starch granules in a series of Arabidopsis mutants with altered starch metabolism. This allowed us to separately analyze the starch particles in the mesophyll and in guard cells. In all mutants, the guard cells were always found to contain more but smaller plastidial starch granules than mesophyll cells. The morphological properties of the starch granules, however, were indiscernible or identical in both types of leaf cells.

scholarly journals Anatomía de la semilla de cuatro especies mexicanas de Hippocratea (Celastraceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Ma. Guadalupe Espinosa-Osornio ◽  
E. Mark Engleman
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Mature Seeds

The morphology and anatomy of mature seeds of H. acapulcensis, H. celastroides. H. excelsa y H. volubilis were studied by light microscopy. In all four species the seeds are winged and the wing is larger than the body that contains the embryo. The wing may be mostly membranous or mostly thickened by the abundance of isodiametric tracheoidal cells. The vascular bundle of the raphe passes longitudinally through the middle of the wing. Additionally, a bundle of elongate tracheoidal cells passes along one edge of the wing or close by it. The wing has zones thickened by an abW1dance of thick-walled isodiametric tracheoidal cells. The embryo is large with a short axis. The cotiledons are connate and mayor may not maintain the epidermis of the adaxial surface, but cuticle was observed only on the abaxial surface. The seed coat is fomed by an exotesta with tannins, a mesotesta of elongate tracheoidal cells and a tanniniferous endotegmen. There are two thick cuticles, one on the exotesta and one on the nucellus. There are from one to four layers of endosperm.

scholarly journals Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells modulate leaf water balance in response to chitin

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1368-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziv Attia ◽  
Ahan Dalal ◽  
Menachem Moshelion
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Water Balance

THE METHOD BY WHICH LARVAE OF DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (LINTNER) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) GAIN ACCESS TO THE INTERIOR OF GALLS INDUCED BY PARADIPLOSIS TUMIFEX GAGNÉ (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Akar ◽  
E.A. Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Gain Access

The balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné, oviposits in newly opening buds of balsam fir. Eggs hatch in 2–3 days. First-instar larvae crawl to and usually settle on the proximal adaxial surface of developing needles. Needle tissues near the larva proliferate, and the larva appears to sink into the needle as the gall forms around the feeding site (West and Shorthouse 1982). Another gall midge, Dasineura balsamicola (Lintner), is an inquiline in the gall of P. turnifex. Its eggs are laid at approximately the same time and place as those of P. tumifex, and larvae of both species are often found in the same gall.

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