AERIAL DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR OF LARVAL BAGWORMS, THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Cox ◽  
Daniel A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Diel Periodicity ◽  
Host Condition ◽  
Aerial Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Neonate Larvae ◽  
Dispersal Period

AbstractSeasonal and daily patterns of ballooning, and behavioral processes involved in aerial dispersal of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth), were studied on Juniperus virginiana L. in Kentucky. The aerial dispersal period began in mid-May 1983 and lasted ca. 1 month. About 75% of dispersing larvae ballooned after making a bag. Settling velocities were determined for larvae with and without bags and trailing varying lengths of silk; a model was then developed that predicts dispersal distance for a particular wind speed and departure height. Most aerial dispersal is probably short-range. The bag reduced potential dispersal distance, but larvae with bags survived ca. 2 days longer than those without bags when exposed to abiotic factors off of a host. Larvae without bags ballooned mostly in morning, whereas 80% of the larvae dispersing with a bag ballooned in the afternoon. These patterns may be related to the diel periodicity of emergence of neonate larvae from old female bags, and the subsequent behavior of 1st instars prior to dispersal. A large proportion of each cohort emigrates regardless of host condition.

scholarly journals Inbreeding Depression and its Effects on Natal Dispersal in Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Daniels ◽  
Jeffrey R. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Natal Dispersal ◽  
Picoides Borealis ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Close Inbreeding

Abstract Natal dispersal is a key life-history component that may be influenced by the fitness consequences of inbreeding. We studied natal dispersal and inbreeding within a large population of cooperatively breeding, endangered Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). We assessed the costs of close inbreeding, the spatial distribution of related males and its relationship to dispersal distance of females, and the change in dispersal behavior of females in the presence of closely related males. Close inbreeding resulted in a significant loss of fitness, through two separate effects: closely related pairs (kinship coefficient ≥ 0.125) exhibited lowered hatching rates and lowered survival and recruitment of fledglings relative to unrelated pairs. Despite a highly predictable spatial clustering of closely related males near the female's natal territory, natal dispersal distance of females was not sufficient to avoid these males as mates. Females changed dispersal behavior in the presence of closely related males on the natal territory: female fledglings were significantly more likely to disperse from natal territories if there were closely related males breeding there in the following year. Females did not change dispersal behavior in the presence of related males that were not on the natal territory. We suggest that dispersal behavior is a trade-off between benefits of short-distance dispersal, e.g., an advantage in competing for scarce breeding vacancies, and the substantial cost of close inbreeding.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Repulsion of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Prenol

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassandra Kin ◽  
Tiffany Baiocchi ◽  
Adler R. Dillman
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Natural Alcohol ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Insect Cadaver

Chemosensory cues are crucial for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)—a guild of insect-killing parasitic nematodes that are used as biological control agents against a variety of agricultural pests. Dispersal is an essential element of the EPN life cycle in which newly developed infective juveniles (IJs) emerge and migrate away from a resource-depleted insect cadaver in order to search for new hosts. Emergence and dispersal are complex processes that involve biotic and abiotic factors, however, the elements that result in EPN dispersal behaviors have not been well-studied. Prenol is a simple isoprenoid and a natural alcohol found in association with EPN-infected, resource-depleted insect cadavers, and this odorant has been speculated to play a role in dispersal behavior in EPNs. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the behavioral responses of five different species of EPNs to prenol both as a distal-chemotactic cue and as a dispersal cue. The results indicate that prenol acted as a repulsive agent for all five species tested, while only two species responded to prenol as a dispersal cue.

Impact of Abiotic Factors on Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Aerial Dispersal in an Onion Ecosystem

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A. Smith ◽  
E. J. Shields ◽  
B. A. Nault
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Onion Thrips ◽  
Aerial Dispersal

scholarly journals Causes of Dispersal in Northern Goshawks (Accipiter Gentilis) in Finland

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 706-716
Author(s):  
PATRIK BYHOLM ◽  
PERTTI SAUROLA ◽  
HARTO LINDÉN ◽  
MARCUS WIKMAN
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Accipiter Gentilis ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Northern Goshawks ◽  
Correct Understanding

Abstract Environmental quality has the potential to influence dispersal if cost of dispersing is outweighed by cost of staying. In that scenario, individuals experiencing different conditions in their natal area are expected to differ in their dispersal. Even if there is wide agreement that reasons behind the dispersal decision are multiple, it is often less clear what conditions actually add to the observed dispersal behavior. The scale at which the dispersal behavior is analyzed can also be of crucial importance for a correct understanding of the dispersal process. Furthermore, in long-lived species factors influencing dispersal behavior of juveniles may differ from those adding to dispersal of adults. Using 12 years of banding data (1989–2000), we studied dispersal behavior of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) hatched over a wide area in Finland in relation to local demographic and ecological conditions. Hatching rank and hatching date added to the probability of leaving in the first place; whereas hatching date, local prey availability, and sex of the disperser were related to dispersal distance. Among adult birds (+3 years), none of the analyzed variables were related to distance; whereas the probability of remaining locally was related to local grouse density in the hatching year (for males only). Results show that the combined effects of factors working at several levels act together on dispersal behavior in Northern Goshawks and highlight the importance of studying different age classes separately in long-lived species. In summary, our results suggest that goshawk individuals distribute themselves spatially in parallel with factors determining the costs and advantages of dispersing where philopatry seems to be connected to factors positively associated with survival; but to test the validity of that idea, more data on fitness consequences of dispersal are needed.

scholarly journals Territoriality, Prospecting, and Dispersal in Cooperatively Breeding Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus Cinnamominus Reichenbachii)

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan C. Kesler ◽  
Susan M. Haig
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Temporally Correlated

Abstract We investigated territoriality, prospecting, and dispersal behavior in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii) throughout the annual cycle using radiotelemetry and color-band resights. Mean home-range size was 6.3 ha and territories were 8.1 ha. Within territories, Micronesian Kingfishers shared 63% of their home-range space with coterritorial occupants, and 3% was shared with extraterritorial conspecifics. Birds on cooperative territories had larger home ranges that overlapped more with coterritory occupants' home ranges than birds in pair-held territories. Despite evidence suggesting that resources necessary for survival and reproduction occurred on each territory, Micronesian Kingfishers of all age and sex classes made extraterritorial prospecting movements. Prospecting was rare; it comprised only 4.3% of our observations. When birds departed on forays, they were gone for ∼1.9 h and returned to home territories before sunset. Prospecting by dominant birds was temporally correlated with courtship and nest initiation, and birds were observed at neighboring nest sites with opposite-sex conspecifics during the period when females were available for fertilization. Juveniles and helpers prospected throughout the year and made repeated homesteading movements to dispersal destinations before dispersing. Mean dispersal distance for radiomarked individuals was 849 m. Results suggest that prospecting in Micronesian Kingfishers is a complex behavior that provides information for dispersal decisions and familiarity with dispersal destinations. Additionally, extraterritorial movements may provide covert opportunities for reproduction, which have potential to profoundly influence the distribution of fitness among helper and dominant Micronesian Kingfishers. Territorialité, prospection et dispersion chez des Todiramphus cinnamominus reichenbachii présentant une reproduction coopérative

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