STRUCTURAL DAMAGE BY FEMALE HEMADAS NUBILIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) AS A FACTOR IN GALL INDUCTION ON LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Shorthouse ◽  
A. West ◽  
R.W. Landry ◽  
P.D. Thibodeau
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Chalcidoid Wasp ◽  
Gall Induction

AbstractThe chalcidoid wasp, Hemadas nubilipennis (Ashmead), induces a reniform gall on the adventitious shoots of lowbush blueberry. Eggs are laid within shoot tissues 5–15 mm below the tip and then the female destroys the apex of the shoot by stabbing with her ovipositor. Stabbing terminates growth of the shoot, and as a result all nutrients flowing into the shoot are redirected towards the gall tissues and larvae. This is a rare example of an insect damaging tissues of the host plant for the benefit of the offspring. It also is suggested that stabbing and gall formation have a pruning effect on the host plant.

scholarly journals Dynamics of limited neoplastic growth on Pongamia pinnata (L.) (Fabaceae) leaf, induced by Aceria pongamiae (Acari: Eriophyidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Anand ◽  
N. Ramani
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Neoplastic Growth ◽  
Massive Structure ◽  
Gall Induction ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Background Galls or the neoplastic growth on plants result from a complex type of interaction between the inducers (Acari, Insects, Microbes and Nematodes) and plants. The present study sheds light on the gall inducing habit of a highly host specific eriophyid mite, Aceria pongamiae, on the leaves of Pongamia pinnata leading to the production of abnormal pouch like outgrowths on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the foliage. Each leaf gall is a highly complex, irregular massive structure, and the formation of which often leads to complete destruction of leaves, especially during heavy mite infestation, and thereby adversely affecting the physiology and growth of the host plant. Results The study was carried out by making comparative observations on FE-SEM histological sections of galls representing four different growth stages categorized on the basis of difference in age groups. Apart from variations in cell metaplasia, a dramatic change was observed in the abaxial-adaxial polarity of the laminar surfaces also throughout the developmental sequence of galls, in all the four growth stages. Significant variations could be observed in the anti-oxidative potency as well as elemental composition in the all the four age groups of galls, and also revealed ATR-FTIR pattern of gall formation. Conclusion Being the first attempt to unravel the mystery of gall induction by eriophyids in general and by A. pongamiae in particular, on its host plant P.pinnata, by shedding light on the structural and histological alterations taking place during leaf gall formation under the influence of the mite, the current study is to be treated as the model of plant-animal interactive system.

scholarly journals Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12258
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ping Zhang ◽  
Si-Xiao Song ◽  
Yan-Cheng Liu ◽  
Xin-Rui Zhu ◽  
Yi-Feng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
Ustilago Esculenta

The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta infects Zizania latifolia and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by Z. latifolia and U. esculenta and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that abundant genes involving fungal pathogenicity and plant resistance were reprogrammed to maintain the subtle balance between the parasite and host. In addition, the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis of U. esculenta obviously decreased during stem swelling, while a large number of genes related to the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of hormones of the host plant were stimulated and showed specific expression patterns, particularly, the expression of ZlYUCCA9 (a flavin monooxygenase, the key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway) increased significantly. Simultaneously, the content of IAA increased significantly, while the contents of cytokinin and gibberellin showed the opposite trend. We speculated that auxin produced by the host plant, rather than the fungus, triggers stem swelling. Furthermore, from the differently expressed genes, two candidate Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger proteins, GME3058_g and GME5963_g, were identified from U. esculenta, which may conduct fungus growth and infection at the initial stage of stem-gall formation.

Accumulation of copper and nickel in plant tissues and an insect gall of lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, near an ore smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1483-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bagatto ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Insect Gall

The accumulation of copper and nickel in plant tissues and galls of Hemadas nubilipennis on lowbush blueberry near an ore smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, was investigated. Concentrations of these metals in the root, stem, and leaf tissue decline logarithmically with increasing distance from the Sudbury smelter. The pattern of accumulation for copper and nickel in the various tissues was root > stem > leaf > berry; however, metal differences in these tissues were not as great in plants farther from the smelter. The root tissue is the primary site of accumulation of these metals when environmental levels of copper and nickel are high. The highest concentrations of copper and nickel were found in the galls, indicating that gall tissues act as a strong physiological sink for micronutrients and redirect nutrients from the host plant. Key words: Vaccinium angustifolium, copper, nickel, gall, Sudbury.

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND GALL INDUCTION BY PEGOMYA CURTICORNIS AND PEGOMYA EUPHORBIAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) WITHIN THE STEMS OF LEAFY SPURGE (EUPHORBIA × PSEUDOVIRGATA) (EUPHORBIACEAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Gassmann ◽  
Joseph D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Gall Induction ◽  
Vascular Connections ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial ◽  
Thick Layers

AbstractLeafy spurge (Euphorbia × pseudovirgata [Schur]) is an herbaceous perennial and serious weed of European origin that has been accidently introduced into North America. The European anthomyiid flies Pegomya curticornis (Stein) and Pegomya euphorbiae (Kieffer) are found on several spurge species in Europe and also attack leafy spurge. The two flies induce identical galls on the subterranean stems of their host plants, and the shoots wilt and die. Eggs are laid on the shoot tip, and the larvae bore into the stem by eating pith which is later replaced by callus. This is a rare example of an insect with both boring and gall-inducing feeding strategies. Galls are induced when larvae feed on the ring of vascular tissue. There is no proliferation of nutritive cells but instead thick layers of gall parenchyma are produced. The vascular connections are broken at the gall level and concentric vascular bundles appear in the cortical and gall parenchyma. After pupation an inner periderm differentiates around the chamber surface.

On gall-formation due to the nematode Anguillulina graminis

1934 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Goodey
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Amongst the plant-parasitic members of the genus Anguillulina, 12 species have been recorded from true galls and of these, one occurs on roots and the remainder on shoot structures. In four only of these species have we any detailed information on the structure of the galls formed as a result of the action of the parasite, namely in the cases of A. tritici, A. agrostis, A. graminophila and A. radicicola. In the case of the two first mentioned, galls are formed from modified flower tissues; in the case of A. graminophila we have galls on leaves and in A. radicicola galls on roots. There are considerable gaps in our knowledge of the reaction of the host plant to the particular parasite attacking it and also concerning the mode of action of the latter in stimulating the production of galls by the host.

scholarly journals Host specificity of Aceria centaureae (Nalepa), a candidate for biological control of Centaurea dίffusa De Lamarck

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sobhian ◽  
Β. Ι. Katsouannos ◽  
J. Kashefi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Centaurea Diffusa ◽  
Gall Mite ◽  
Diffuse Knapweed ◽  
Test Plants

Filed collected rosettes or twigs of Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck, infested by the gall mite Aceria centaureae, were fixed onto appropriately grown and planted test plants of ten different species in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1985 and 1986. The test plants were inspected for presence of galls and mites a few to several days after their contact with the infested twigs. Gall formation occurred on all of the Centaurea diffusa test plants, either of Greek or U.S. origin, and on some of the Centaurea solstitialis, L. test plants. No galls or other mite damage could be found on the other test plants, which were Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower), Cirsiton creticion (De Lamarck) D’Urville, of local origin and six Cirsium species of U.S. origin, i.e. cymosum (Greene) J. T. Howell, occidentals (Nutt) Jeps., pastoris Howell, andersonii (Gray) Petrak, brevistylum Crong; and undulation (Nutt.) Spreng. These results suggest that A. centaureae most probably has a very restricted host plant range, feeding only on weedy Centaurea spp. Thus the mite should be considered as a possible candidate for biological control of diffuse knapweed in the U.S.A. and Canada.

scholarly journals Responses of the Host Plant Tissues to Gall Induction in <i>Aspidosperma spruceanum</i> Müell. Arg. (Apocynaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 823-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anete Teixeira Formiga ◽  
Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Gall Induction

scholarly journals Chromosome-level genome assembly of the horned-gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Erisomatinae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Yuan Wei ◽  
Yu-Xian Ye ◽  
Hai-Jian Huang ◽  
Ming-Shun Chen ◽  
Zi-Xiang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Eriosoma Lanigerum ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Host Alternation ◽  
Single Clade

AbstractThe horned gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis, is an economically important insect that induces galls valuable for medicinal and chemical industries. S. chinensis manipulates its host plant to form well-organized horned galls during feeding. So far, more than twenty aphid genomes have been reported; however, all of those are derived from free-living aphids. Here we generated a high-quality genome assembly of S. chinensis, representing the first genome sequence of a galling aphid. The final genome assembly was 280.43 Mb, with 97% of the assembled sequences anchored into thirteen chromosomes. S. chinensis presents the smallest aphid genome size among available aphid genomes to date. The contig and scaffold N50 values were 3.39 Mb and 20.58 Mb, respectively. The assembly included 96.4% of conserved arthropod and 97.8% of conserved Hemiptera single-copy orthologous genes based on BUSCO analysis. A total of 13,437 protein-coding genes were predicted. Phylogenomic analysis showed that S. chinensis formed a single clade between the Eriosoma lanigerum clade and the Aphidini+Macrosiphini aphid clades. In addition, salivary proteins were found to be differentially expressed when S. chinensis underwent host alternation, indicating their potential roles in gall formation and plant defense suppression. A total of 36 cytochrome P450 genes were identified in S. chinensis, considerably fewer compared to other aphids, probably due to its small host plant range. The high-quality S. chinensis genome assembly and annotation provide an essential genetic background for future studies to reveal the mechanism of gall formation and to explore the interaction between aphids and their host plants.

scholarly journals Recent Progress Regarding the Molecular Aspects of Insect Gall Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9424
Author(s):  
Seiji Takeda ◽  
Tomoko Hirano ◽  
Issei Ohshima ◽  
Masa H. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Insect Gall ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Gall Induction ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Galls are characteristic plant structures formed by cell size enlargement and/or cell proliferation induced by parasitic or pathogenic organisms. Insects are a major inducer of galls, and insect galls can occur on plant leaves, stems, floral buds, flowers, fruits, or roots. Many of these exhibit unique shapes, providing shelter and nutrients to insects. To form unique gall structures, gall-inducing insects are believed to secrete certain effector molecules and hijack host developmental programs. However, the molecular mechanisms of insect gall induction and development remain largely unknown due to the difficulties associated with the study of non-model plants in the wild. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have allowed us to determine the biological processes in non-model organisms, including gall-inducing insects and their host plants. In this review, we first summarize the adaptive significance of galls for insects and plants. Thereafter, we summarize recent progress regarding the molecular aspects of insect gall formation.

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