EVALUATION OF FOUR CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES REGISTERED FOR CONTROL OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE GALL MIDGE, CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), AND THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID, MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Stein ◽  
George P. Markin
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractOxydemeton-methyl, azinphosmethyl, dimethoate, and acephate were evaluated in Douglas-fir seed orchards for control of Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, and Douglas-fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. Results varied with infestation levels and specific chemicals. There was no significant reduction of infestation levels of either insect with the application of acephate. Oxydemeton-methyl injections, oxydemeton-methyl spray, and dimethoate significantly reduced cone gall midge damage. All four chemicals were ineffective against the seed chalcid for infestations of less than 10% of extractable seed. Oxydemeton-methyl injections, azinphosmethyl, and dimethoate significantly reduced the incidence of seed chalcid when the infestation was high (61%). There was no statistically significant difference (α = 0.05) for pairwise comparisons between chemicals which significantly reduced the infestation levels of either insect.

DISTRIBUTION OF CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS FOOTE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) EGGS IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS AND A METHOD OF ESTIMATING EGG DENSITY

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1291-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Egg Density ◽  
Optimum Sampling ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractEfficient sampling procedures for estimating densities of eggs of Douglas-fir cone gall midge (DFCGM), Contarinia oregonensis Foote, on individual trees as well as for orchards were developed from data collected in Douglas-fir seed orchards in 1978–1981. Egg distribution was contagious and generally fitted the negative binomial distribution on individual trees, but a common k could not be estimated. Tree and crown level affected density of midge eggs within orchards. Average density at the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of the crown was not significantly different from the tree average. The optimum sampling pattern in an orchard, i.e. one conelet from the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of each of 120 trees, would require 120 person-hours to process the samples when DFCGM egg densities are high (worst-case situation).

CONE AND SEED INSECTS IN DOUGLAS-FIR, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO, SEED ORCHARDS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE IMPACT

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 1223-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Schowalter ◽  
M.I. Haverty ◽  
T.W. Koerber
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Dioryctria Abietivorella ◽  
Explained Variation ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Insects

AbstractDouglas-fir cones were collected from 17 seed orchards in California, Oregon, and Washington in the fall of 1983. Cones were completely dissected and seed losses ascribed to the Douglas-fir cone gall midge (Contarinia oregonensis (Foote)), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus spermotrophus (Wachtl)), the Douglas-fir cone moth (Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott)), and the fir coneworm (Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté)). There appear to be great differences between orchards, but overall C. oregonensis and M. spermotrophus collectively destroyed approximately 70% of the filled seed. Physiographic province significantly (P<0.05) explained variation in damage by all insect species between seed orchards. In general, damage by all species increased from northern provinces to southern mountainous provinces. Damage by C. oregonensis and B. colfaxiana appeared to be related to land use or management factors, as well.

Douglas-fir cone gall midges respond to shape and infrared wavelength attributes of host tree branches

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Zahradnik ◽  
Stephen Takács ◽  
Ward Strong ◽  
Robb Bennett ◽  
Anastasia Kuzmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
Ir Radiation ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Infrared Wavelength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that the conophagous Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), responds to infrared (IR) radiation and other electromagnetic wavelengths associated with cones of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae). Early-season (March–April) thermographic images showed that cone orientation (upright, horizontal, pendant) and cone colour (green, purple, green/purple) did not affect apparent cone temperature (inferred from thermographic images). Tree components significantly differed in apparent temperature with foliage being coolest and branches warmest. There was no significant difference in the number of larvae in cones of different colours, and adult midges were equally attracted to traps painted green or purple, suggesting that cone colour does not affect oviposition decisions by gravid females. Adult midges were more strongly attracted to warm traps with IR frequency emissions higher than the background than to cold traps with IR frequency emissions lower than the background. They were also more strongly attracted to warm branch-shaped traps than to warm can-shaped traps. Collectively, these data indicate that the shape and IR attributes of Douglas-fir branches may serve as foraging cues for C. oregonensis.

Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Marc D. Abrams ◽  
James C. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Display Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Needle Loss

Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.

scholarly journals Impact of Biochar on Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Larvae Reared on Synthetic Die

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1065
Author(s):  
Stacey Rice-Marshall ◽  
Stephen P. Cook ◽  
John Randall
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Tussock Moth ◽  
Orgyia Pseudotsugata ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Significant Difference

The use of biochar as a soil amendment in forest ecosystems can be beneficial in the restoration of degraded soils. Forest insects such as the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDonnough) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), may be exposed to biochar when the material is applied. Two experiments were conducted using biochar either (1) applied to the surface of the diet at three rates (0, 5, and 10 mg) or (2) incorporated into synthetic diet at four rates (0, 10, 20, and 40% volume/volume). The objective of both experiments was to determine if biochar on the surface or incorporated into a synthetic diet affected development and survival of O. pseudotsugata larvae. In both experiments, there was a significant decrease in estimated time to larval mortality in all biochar treatments compared to untreated controls. In the surface-applied biochar experiment, there was a significant difference in larval weight gain at day 12 between the control and 10 mg biochar treatments. In the experiment with biochar incorporated into the diet, mean larval weight at day 12 was highest in the low (10%) biochar treatment compared to all other treatments, although weight gain was only significantly different between the low- and high-concentration (40%) biochar treatments. Our results suggest that larvae, feeding on a low amount of biochar in the synthetic diet, may respond by engaging in compensatory feeding behavior. Fewer surviving larvae in the biochar treatment groups may contribute to the lack of significance found in the comparison of weight gain at day 24 in each experiment.

Nodule Size Effect on Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
Jia-wei LI ◽  
Cai Chang ◽  
Jia-ying Chen ◽  
Zhao-ting Shi ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Nodule Size ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Us ◽  
Group D

Background: To compare the abilities of ultrasonography (US) and Computed Tomography (CT) to identify calcifications and to predict probability of malignancy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) and Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods: We reviewed 1008 cases of PTC/PTMC with calcifications reported by pre-operative US, CT, or post-operative pathology. The size of the thyroid nodule was obtained from the US report and the maximum diameter (d) was documented. According to the nodule size (d), the PTC and PTMC groups were each divided into two subgroups, as follows: large PTC group (d ≥ 2 cm), small PTC group (1 cm < d < 2 cm), large PTMC group (0.6 cm ≤ d ≤ 1 cm), and small PTMC group (d < 0.6 cm). Results: In the 1008 patients, the ratio of females to males was 2.29 and the mean age was 40.9 years (standard deviation: 11.7 years). Of the 1008 records, 92.8% were found to have calcifications according to the US report, while 50.4% showed calcifications according to the CT report. This difference between US and CT reports was statistically significant (p < 0.0005). The percentages of US reports showing calcifications were similar for all four PTC and PTMC subgroups (93.7%, 94.3%, 92.1%, and 85.1%, respectively; p = 0.052), while the percentages of CT reports showing calcifications were significantly different among the PTC and PTMC subgroups (62.3%, 52.2%, 45.4%, and 31.3%, respectively; p < 0.0005). As for the prediction of malignancy, US was superior to CT in all four subgroups (large PTC group: 97.1% vs. 54.1%, small PTC group: 94.8% vs. 42.9%, large PTMC group: 97.2% vs. 32.0%, small PTMC group: 95.5% vs. 14.9%; p < 0.0005 for all pairwise comparisons). No significant difference was observed in terms of the ability of US to predict the malignancy of PTC versus PTMC (p = 0.31), while CT showed significant superiority in diagnosing PTC versus PTMC (p < 0.0005). The predictive value of CT for PTC declined as the nodule size decreased (p < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). Conclusion: Our results showed that US detected calcifications and predicted the malignancy of all nodule sizes of thyroid papillary carcinoma equally well, while the performance of CT declined with the reduction of nodule size.

A Biodegradable Formulation of MCH (3-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for Protecting Pseudotsuga menziesii from Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Colonization

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1858-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel G Foote ◽  
Christopher J Fettig ◽  
Darrell W Ross ◽  
Justin B Runyon ◽  
Tom W Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, trees and stands can be protected from Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (DFB)-caused mortality by application of synthetic formulations of the beetle’s antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH). A biodegradable formulation of MCH, SPLAT MCH, was developed and evaluated for protecting individual Douglas-fir trees and small stands from colonization and mortality by DFB. In an individual-tree experiment in Idaho, both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of treated trees colonized and killed by DFB compared to untreated controls. SPLAT MCH was as effective as MCH bubble capsules for protecting individual trees. Both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized and killed by DFB within 0.04-ha circular plots surrounding each treated tree compared to untreated controls. In 0.41 ha stands in New Mexico, both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized and killed by DFB compared to untreated controls, again with no differences observed between MCH treatments. In a similar stand level trial in Idaho, neither MCH treatment significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized by DFB, and only MCH bubble capsules significantly reduced levels of tree mortality compared to untreated controls, but no significant difference was observed between SPLAT MCH and MCH bubble capsules. Overall, the results indicate that SPLAT MCH is as effective as MCH bubble capsules for protecting individual trees and small stands of Douglas-fir from DFB-caused mortality.

Early Results of a Slash Pine Variety Trial

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
John F. Kraus ◽  
Timothy La Farge
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Variety Trial ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Open-pollinated seed from 15 slash pine seed orchards were tested at two locations, the flatwoods and lower piedmont, in Georgia. After five years in the field, there were significant differences in fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection at both locations, and in average total height in the lower piedmont. There was no significant difference for survival at either location. In general, good gains have been made for growth rate but some of these gains are offset by increased damage caused by fusiform rust.

PREVENTION OF INSECT-CAUSED SEED LOSS IN DOUGLAS-FIR WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Stage Of Development

Cone-bearing Douglas-fir trees in three localities on Vancouver Island were sprayed with the systemic insecticides Bidrin (0.35 and 0.75%), dimethoate, Sumithion, Meta-Systox-R, and SD 9129 (1.0 and 2.0%) when cones had reached the pendent stage of development. With the exception of Sumithion, all materials gave varying degrees of control over important insect pests of cones in this area, i.e. the gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, the cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), the seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl, and the scale midge, C. washingtonensis Johnson.

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