Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Cold-Water Misting of Trees in Seed Orchards for Control of Douglas-fir Cone Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 916-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Orchards

DISTRIBUTION OF CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS FOOTE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) EGGS IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS AND A METHOD OF ESTIMATING EGG DENSITY

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1291-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Egg Density ◽  
Optimum Sampling ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractEfficient sampling procedures for estimating densities of eggs of Douglas-fir cone gall midge (DFCGM), Contarinia oregonensis Foote, on individual trees as well as for orchards were developed from data collected in Douglas-fir seed orchards in 1978–1981. Egg distribution was contagious and generally fitted the negative binomial distribution on individual trees, but a common k could not be estimated. Tree and crown level affected density of midge eggs within orchards. Average density at the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of the crown was not significantly different from the tree average. The optimum sampling pattern in an orchard, i.e. one conelet from the midpoint of the cone-bearing portion of each of 120 trees, would require 120 person-hours to process the samples when DFCGM egg densities are high (worst-case situation).

EVALUATION OF FOUR CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES REGISTERED FOR CONTROL OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE GALL MIDGE, CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), AND THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID, MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), IN DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Stein ◽  
George P. Markin
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractOxydemeton-methyl, azinphosmethyl, dimethoate, and acephate were evaluated in Douglas-fir seed orchards for control of Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, and Douglas-fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. Results varied with infestation levels and specific chemicals. There was no significant reduction of infestation levels of either insect with the application of acephate. Oxydemeton-methyl injections, oxydemeton-methyl spray, and dimethoate significantly reduced cone gall midge damage. All four chemicals were ineffective against the seed chalcid for infestations of less than 10% of extractable seed. Oxydemeton-methyl injections, azinphosmethyl, and dimethoate significantly reduced the incidence of seed chalcid when the infestation was high (61%). There was no statistically significant difference (α = 0.05) for pairwise comparisons between chemicals which significantly reduced the infestation levels of either insect.

CONE AND SEED INSECTS IN DOUGLAS-FIR, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO, SEED ORCHARDS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE IMPACT

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 1223-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Schowalter ◽  
M.I. Haverty ◽  
T.W. Koerber
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Dioryctria Abietivorella ◽  
Explained Variation ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Insects

AbstractDouglas-fir cones were collected from 17 seed orchards in California, Oregon, and Washington in the fall of 1983. Cones were completely dissected and seed losses ascribed to the Douglas-fir cone gall midge (Contarinia oregonensis (Foote)), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus spermotrophus (Wachtl)), the Douglas-fir cone moth (Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott)), and the fir coneworm (Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté)). There appear to be great differences between orchards, but overall C. oregonensis and M. spermotrophus collectively destroyed approximately 70% of the filled seed. Physiographic province significantly (P<0.05) explained variation in damage by all insect species between seed orchards. In general, damage by all species increased from northern provinces to southern mountainous provinces. Damage by C. oregonensis and B. colfaxiana appeared to be related to land use or management factors, as well.

PREVENTION OF INSECT-CAUSED SEED LOSS IN DOUGLAS-FIR WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Stage Of Development

Cone-bearing Douglas-fir trees in three localities on Vancouver Island were sprayed with the systemic insecticides Bidrin (0.35 and 0.75%), dimethoate, Sumithion, Meta-Systox-R, and SD 9129 (1.0 and 2.0%) when cones had reached the pendent stage of development. With the exception of Sumithion, all materials gave varying degrees of control over important insect pests of cones in this area, i.e. the gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, the cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), the seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl, and the scale midge, C. washingtonensis Johnson.

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE GALL MIDGE, CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Miller ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Oviposition Deterrent ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Standard Time ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe reproductive behaviour of the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, was studied in the laboratory and in cages outdoors. Adult emergence began in mid-April outdoors and lasted about 2 weeks. Emergence began outdoors at 0600–0700 h Pacific Standard Time, peaked at 1100 h and continued until 1900 h; females dominated emergence early in the day. Mating occurred on or near the duff from which females emerged. Virgin females appeared to “call” males by extending their ovipositors and waving them back and forth, and this behaviour was followed by mating. Laboratory bioassay s using rinses of female abdomens gave further evidence that virgin females produce a sex pheromone. Oviposition behaviour on already infested conelets differed from that on uninfested conelets and suggested the presence of an oviposition deterrent. The mean number of eggs developed by the females was 254, 93% of which were usually laid during the life of the females.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of seeds from four German Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seed orchards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Pakull ◽  
Pascal Eusemann ◽  
Janine Wojacki ◽  
Diana Ahnert ◽  
Heike Liesebach
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Spatial Isolation ◽  
Offspring Generation

AbstractIn Germany, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) is seen as a valuable species for future cultivation in times of climate change. Local seed production in seed stands and seed orchards may secure that local adaptation is transferred to the next generation, but small population sizes could lower genetic diversity and thus future adaptability. Here we analyse the transfer of genetic diversity from parent to offspring generation in four older German seed orchards. We detected low pollen contamination rates due to high levels of spatial isolation. Even with a relatively low number of 40 clones, seed orchard design with randomized and repeated planting of clones led to low selfing rates, and despite uneven parental contributions, the number of successful parents and the level of genetic intermixture were high enough to allow the transfer of an adequate part of the genetic diversity to the next generation. Larger numbers, however, might be needed to reliably conserve the entire genetic diversity over succeeding generations. Conclusions on the establishment of future seed orchards and regarding areas requiring further research are drawn at the end of the paper.

Sydowia polyspora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Pinus Albicaulis ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Cupressus Lusitanica

Abstract A description is provided for Sydowia polyspora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cupressus lusitanica, Juniperus sp., Picea engelmannii, P. excelsa, Pinus albicaulis, P. attenuata, P. khasya, P. caribaea, P. laricis, P. montizumae, P. murrayana, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. sylvestris. DISEASES: Pine leaf-blight and die-back, associated frequently with injury caused by the pine needle midge, Cecidomyia baeri Prell. The needles remain attached hanging downwards from the tree for some time. Complete defoliation may take place on severely affected shoots. Also common on needles of Corsican pine showing die-back due to unsuitable climatic conditions aided by Scleroderris lagerbergii[Gremmeniella abietina], and on Douglas fir attacked by aphids, Chermes cooleyi Gill. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania); Australia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Finland, France, Germany, U.K., U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne spores. In pine the pathogen first develops at the base of the pairs of needles where the gall midge, Cecidomyia baeri burrows (Peace, 1962) and on Douglas fir attacked by Chermes cooleyi the pathogen invades the carcases of the aphids and uses these as a food base before penetrating the stomata of the needle (47, 3240).

DISPERSAL OF CONE AND SEED INSECTS TO AN ISOLATED DOUGLAS-FIR TREE IN WESTERN OREGON

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1437-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Schowalter
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Insects

Cone and seed insects frequently cause severe losses to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed production in the Pacific Northwest (Hedlin et al. 1981; Ruth 1980). Two of the major species west of the Cascades are the Douglas-fir cone gall midge (Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)) and the Douglas-fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)). These two species are host specific on Douglas fir and exhibit an extended diapause in which more than 50% of each year's cohort may remain in diapause under host trees for 1 or more years (Annila 1982; Hedlin 1961; Hedlin et al. 1981; Johnson 1962). The economic and biological costs of chemical control have supported recommendation of alternative control measures, particularly (1) establishing seed orchards some distance from sources of coneand seed-insect populations, and (2) removing all cones and burning litter as a means of reducing such populations (Hedlin et al. 1981; Ruth 1980). The success of these two options depends on the dispersal strategies of cone and seed insects (Johnson 1962), but information on dispersal has been lacking. The purpose of this study was to obtain such information.

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