DETECTION OF A CHALKBROOD FUNGUS, ASCOSPHAERA AGGREGATA, IN LARVAE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) FROM WESTERN CANADA

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 1143-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.W. Richards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Leafcutter Bee

The alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), is the primary pollinator of commercially grown seed alfalfa in Canada. Chalkbrood is a fungal disease, caused by a complex of Ascosphaerales species (Skou and King 1984) that infect the larvae of many species of bees. One species, Ascosphaera aggregata Skou (Skou 1975), is a severe problem in leafcutter bees in the United States and in some cases has caused losses of more than 65% (Stephen et al. 1981). Mode of dispersal, infestation of bee larvae, sporulation, and associated symptomatology of this pathogen have been described (Vandenberg et al. 1980; Vandenberg and Stephen 1982; McManus and Youssef 1984).

POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT EMERGENCE OF PTEROMALUS VENUSTUS WALKER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) DURING ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE INCUBATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Whitfield ◽  
K.W. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Timing Control ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Leafcutter Bee

Pteromalus venustus Walker is the most common parasitoid associated with the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), in western Canada (Richards 1984). Leafcutter beekeepers in Canada and the United States use several methods to control P. venustus during incubation of leafcutter bee larvae, including light traps (Hobbs 1973; Richards 1984), dipping the cells in an insecticide (Brindley 1976; Parker 1979), and placing dichlorvos resin strips in the incubator (Hill et al. 1984). Previously we described the influence of temperature on survival and rate of development of the egg, larval, and pupal stages of non-diapausing P. venustus (Whitfield and Richards 1985). Here we report on the influence of temperature on rate of postdiapause development in P. venustus during leafcutter bee incubation and consider the value of this information for timing control measures for this parasitoid.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora infestans Genotype US23 Causing Late Blight in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 873-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Kawchuk ◽  
R. J. Howard ◽  
R. D. Peters ◽  
K. I. Al-Mughrabi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Metalaxyl Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Late blight is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and is one of the most devastating diseases of potato and tomato. Late blight occurs in all major potato- and tomato-growing regions of Canada. Its incidence in North America increased during 2009 and 2010 (2). Foliar disease symptoms appeared earlier than usual (June rather than July) and coincided with the identification of several new P. infestans genotypes in the United States, each with unique characteristics. Prior to 2007, isolates collected from potato and tomato crops were mainly US8 or US11 genotypes (1). However, P. infestans populations in the United States have recently experienced a major genetic evolution, producing isolates with unique genotypes and epidemiological characteristics in Florida and throughout the northeastern states (2). Recent discoveries of tomato transplants with late blight for sale at Canadian retail outlets prompted an examination of the genotypes inadvertently being distributed and causing disease in commercial production areas in Canada. Analysis of isolates of P. infestans from across Canada in 2010 identified the US23 genotype for the first time from each of the four western provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia) but not from eastern Canada. Allozyme banding patterns at the glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi) locus indicated a 100/100 profile consistent with US6 and US23 genotypes (4). Mating type assays confirmed the isolates to be A1 and in vivo metalaxyl sensitivity was observed. Restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of 50 isolates from western Canada with the multilocus RG57 sequence and EcoRI produced the DNA pattern 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 24a, 25 that was indicative of US23 (3). The recently described P. infestans genotype US23 appears to be more aggressive on tomato, and although isolates were recovered from both tomato and potato, disease symptoms were often more severe on tomato. Results indicate that movement and evolution of new P. infestans genotypes have contributed to the increased incidence of late blight and that movement of the pathogen on retail plantlets nationally and internationally may provide an additional early season source of inoculum. A major concern is that the introduced new A1 populations in western Canada have established a dichotomy with the endogenous A2 populations in eastern Canada, increasing the potential for sexual recombination producing oospores and additional genotypes should these populations merge. References: (1) Q. Chen et al. Am. J. Potato Res. 80:9, 2003. (2) K. Deahl. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 100(suppl.):S161, 2010. (3) S. B. Goodwin et al. Curr. Genet. 22:107, 1992. (4) S. B. Goodwin et al. Phytopathology 88:939, 2004.

ROOSTING, PERCHING, AND HABITAT SELECTION IN ARGIA VIVIDA HAGEN AND AMPHIAGRION ABBREVIATUM (SELYS) (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE), TWO DAMSELFLIES INHABITING GEOTHERMAL SPRINGS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Pritchard ◽  
Andrea Kortello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Temperature Conductivity

AbstractAlthough Amphiagrion abbreviatum (Selys) and Argia vivida Hagen often occur at the same geothermally heated springs in western Canada and the United States, they differ markedly in their abundance at any particular site. There is no relationship between crude data on water temperature, conductivity, or aquatic vegetation and the relative abundance of the two species, but there is a striking correlation with presence or absence of trees. The absence of A. abbreviatum from heavily treed areas is associated with the paucity of suitable daytime perching sites, and there may be competitive pressure exerted by A. vivida for the perching sites that are available. Argia vivida does not live at open sites because it requires trees for night-time roosts. Argia vivida roosted higher than A. abbreviatum in cages and held the body at a greater angle from the cage wall. The roosting posture of A. vivida is probably related to interception of solar radiation in the morning, and the body positions of both species possibly provide defence against predation.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Healthcare Burden of Fungal Infections in the United States, 2018

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rayens ◽  
Karen A Norris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Lengths Of Stay ◽  
Care Survey ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care

Abstract Background Fungal infections are responsible for >1.5 million deaths globally per year, primarily in those with compromised immune function. This is concerning as the number of immunocompromised patients, especially in those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has risen in the past decade. The purpose of this analysis was to provide the current prevalence and impact of fungal disease in the United States. Methods We analyzed hospital discharge data from the most recent (2018) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, and outpatient visit data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Costs are presented in 2018 United States (US) dollars. Results In the 35.5 million inpatient visits documented in 2018 in the US, approximately 666 235 fungal infections were diagnosed, with an estimated attributable cost of $6.7 billion. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Candida infections accounted for 76.3% of fungal infections diagnosed, and 81.1% of associated costs. Most fungal disease occurred in patients with elevated risk of infection. The visit costs, lengths of stay, and risks of mortality in this population were more than twice that of those without fungal diagnoses. A further 6.6 million fungal infections were diagnosed during outpatient visits. Conclusions Fungal disease is a serious clinical concern with substantial healthcare costs and significant increases in morbidity and mortality, particularly among predisposed patients. Increased surveillance, standardized treatment guidelines, and improvement in diagnostics and therapeutics are needed to support the rising numbers of at-risk patients.

Innovative PLC Design Concepts for Petroleum Pipeline and Terminal System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold L. Rivera ◽  
Darren C. Day
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Niagara Falls ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
The U.S

Enbridge Inc. operates the world’s longest crude oil and refined liquids pipeline system. The company owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (the Canadian portion of the Enbridge crude oil mainline) and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada and the United States. It also has approximately, a 12% interest in Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. which owns the Lakehead Pipeline System in the United States. These pipeline systems have operated for over 50 years and now comprise approximately 15,000 kilometers (9,000 miles) of pipeline, delivering more than 2.2 million barrels per day of crude oil and refined liquids. The combination of the Enbridge System in Canada and the Lakehead System in the United States brings together the primary transporter of crude oil from Canada into the United States. It is also the only pipeline that transports crude oil from Western Canada to Eastern North America, serving all of the major refining centres in the province of Ontario as well as the Great Lakes region of the United States. The system consists of approximately 9000 kilometers (5,600 miles) of mainline pipe in Canada, and 5300 kilometers (3,300 miles) of mainline pipe in the United States. The Canadian portion of the pipeline system extends from Edmonton, Alberta as the primary initiating facility, across the Canadian prairies to the U.S. border near Gretna, Manitoba. It continues again from the U.S. border near Sarnia, Ontario, to Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, with lateral lines to Nanticoke, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, Ontario. The total length of the pipeline right-of-way is nearly 2300 kilometers (1,400 miles).

scholarly journals Blastomyces helicus, a New Dimorphic Fungus Causing Fatal Pulmonary and Systemic Disease in Humans and Animals in Western Canada and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan S Schwartz ◽  
Nathan P Wiederhold ◽  
Kimberly E Hanson ◽  
Thomas F Patterson ◽  
Lynne Sigler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus
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