MEASURING THE COST-BENEFIT OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN RAPESEED

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Bracken ◽  
G. E. Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
A Value ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

AbstractYield saved by insecticidal applications against the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in commercial fields was measured by comparing yield in protected (unsprayed) plots of 74.4 m2 and in adjacent sprayed areas. Coefficients of variation of yield from sample units 2, 1, and 0.5 m2 ranged from 0.12 to 0.51; statistical precision was increased by taking twenty-five 0.5 m2 sample units per plot. Analysis of pod damage from selected plants predicted percentage yield loss equal to that determined by area sampling.The results showed that yield saved by control in commercial situations did not exceed 0.325 g/larva, a value that was determined in previous work by field cage trials. Using 1981 costs for spraying and rapeseed prices and a yield loss of 0.325 g/larva, the break-even point for cost-benefit occurs when larval density is 23/m2, a value double the currently recommended density of 10 to 12/m2. Many rapeseed growers therefore are controlling the bertha armyworm at net economic loss, a situation verified by an analysis of 42 separate control decisions made by growers in 1981.

RELATION BETWEEN POD DAMAGE CAUSED BY LARVAE OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND YIELD LOSS, SHELLING, AND SEED QUALITY IN CANOLA

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Bracken
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Plot Yield ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Army Worm ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

AbstractCanola plants in 0.84-m2 field plots were exposed to 120 bertha army worm larvae per square metre, beginning at mid 5th instar, for increasing durations. Yield loss increased with feeding duration throughout the feeding period whereas the proportion of pods damaged increased rapidly at first then leveled at 45%. Pod damage was negatively correlated with plot yield but the regression was not statistically significant. More seed shelled from plants with damaged pods than from plants with no pod damage under field conditions simulating drying in the swath. Seed from damaged pods had greater proportions of green and broken seeds causing lower seed grade and these defects were evident in seed from plots with 21% or more damaged pods. Although control measures for bertha armyworm should not be undertaken before pod damage is observed, a control decision should be made before 20% of the pods are damaged.

Loss in Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus, B. campestris) Caused by Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) in Saskatchewan and Manitoba

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 740-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diether P. Peschken ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas ◽  
Robin F. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
A Value ◽  
Average Annual Loss ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
The Relationship

Field studies were conducted in 1979 and 1980 to determine yield losses caused by perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L. # SONAR) in rapeseed (Brassica napus L., B. campestris L.) fields in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The relationship between percentage yield loss and density of perennial sowthistle was expressed by the linear regression equation y = −3.81 + 13.76 rdx. Weed survey data indicated that perennial sowthistle occurred in 39% of the rapeseed fields but infested only 7% of the hectares surveyed. Using both the survey data and the yield loss equation, the average annual loss in rapeseed yield was estimated to be 9.4 million kg in Saskatchewan and 6.1 million kg in Manitoba, with a value of 2.6 million and 1.7 million dollars (Cdn.), respectively. Perennial sowthistle occurs with a similar frequency and density in other crops so that the total loss from this weed would be much greater.

scholarly journals Effects of Sowing Date on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Damage by Pachnoda interrupta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and an Economic Threshold Levels for Its Management at Maiduguri, Sudan Savannah Ecological Zone of Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdullahi G ◽  
B. M. Sastawa ◽  
Shehu A
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Pachnoda Interrupta ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio

<em>Pachnoda interrupta</em> is one of the head-infesting insect pests of sunflower in Maiduguri. Two separate field experiment(one each for sowing date effect and threshold level) were conducted to investigate the influence of sowing date on damage and yield loss by <em>P. interrupta</em> on sunflower and the economic threshold level for its control in Maiduguri. The result for influence of sowing date experiment shows that percentage incidence of infestation was highly significant on sunflower sown on the 5<sup>th</sup> July than other planting date except that of 26<sup>th</sup> July. Significantly lower damage was recorded on sunflower sown on 19<sup>th</sup> July than those on the 5<sup>th</sup> and grain yield loss was also significantly higher on 26<sup>th</sup> July sowings than all other dates. The results for economic threshold level experiment indicated that 2.38 and 2.36 beetles/head were the economic threshold level for flowing and milky grain stage respectively and there was a 1:4.9 cost: benefit ratio/ ha. This means that there is a 20% return for every unit of inputs. The result implies that 19<sup>th</sup> of July is the best planting date to reduce infestations, damage and yield loss from <em>P. interrupta</em> in Maiduguri and artificial control measures should be initiated when there are 1.9 to 2.0 beetles/plant.

scholarly journals Estimating Yield and Economic Loss from Constriction Canker of Peach

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Lalancette ◽  
Dean F. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Total Crop

Constriction cankers, caused by Phomopsis amygdali, girdle and kill fruiting twigs which results in a direct crop loss. To quantitatively determine this loss from 1996 to 1998, the number of fruit lost per infected shoot was estimated as a function of disease incidence in 21 severely infected orchards in New Jersey. For each cultivar in 1997 and 1998, the distribution of fruit sizes at harvest and prices at shipping were used to calculate total crop value for typical expected yields. Economic loss was then calculated from yield loss and crop value estimates. The overall percent yield loss mean across all sites and cultivars, unadjusted for fruit remaining on infected shoots, was 22.2, 30.7, and 23.7% for 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. The frequency of these losses were not normally distributed, and the nonparametric Friedman test indicated that yield loss was significantly different among years. Assuming the remaining fruit on infected shoots were harvested, yield losses for 1997 and 1998 were 28.5 and 21.0%, which translated into average economic losses of $4,009 and 2,803/ha, respectively, for an expected yield level of 14,010 kg/ha. These loss values justify control measures for management of constriction canker in severely infected orchards.

What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Newsome ◽  
C. D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

scholarly journals Value-driven engineering of E-maintenance platforms

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Macchi ◽  
Adolfo Crespo Márquez ◽  
Maria Holgado ◽  
Luca Fumagalli ◽  
Luis Barberá Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Maintenance Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
A Value ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information And Communication

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology for the engineering of E-maintenance platforms that is based on a value-driven approach. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology assumes that a value-driven engineering approach would help foster technological innovation for maintenance management. Indeed, value-driven engineering could be easily adopted at the business level, with subsequent positive effects on the industrial applications of new information and communication technologies solutions. Findings – The methodology combines a value-driven approach with the engineering in the maintenance scope. The methodology is tested in a manufacturing case to prove its potential to support the engineering of E-maintenance solutions. In particular, the case study concerns the investment in E-maintenance solutions developed in the framework of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system originally implemented for production purposes. Originality/value – Based on literature research, the paper presents a methodology that is implemented considering three different approaches (business theories, value-driven engineering and maintenance management). The combination of these approaches is novel and overcomes the traditional view of maintenance as an issue evaluated from a cost-benefit perspective.

A Manpower Allocation Model for Service Jobs

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Isaac Balaila ◽  
Issachar Gilad
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Time Standards ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
Break Even Point

While the work measurement concept has evolved from the manufacturing world, it has not been fully adopted yet to the global shift into the service sector. Certain factors create inherent difficulties in determining time standards for manpower allocation in service jobs: (a) wide variation in Time Between Arrivals and Service Performance Time and (b) the difficulty of assessing the damage done to the organization by long customer Waiting Times (WT) for service. This difficulty makes it hard to calculate the Break-Even Point (BEP) between raising worker output, which minimizes labor costs but increases customer WT, and improving service quality by lowering customer WT. The model proposed overcomes most of the difficulties by taking a multi-domain approach to the problem: 1) The model deploys a series of indicators for a correlation between output and WT. The indicator values are affected by service level of urgency and the initial number of service workers and 2) Cost-Benefit – finding the best BEP by comparing the operational cost of an additional worker with the economical benefit caused by the decrease in WT at the margin. Thus, the model finds the best balance between worker output and service quality.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Change from a Linear to a Circular Economy? An Overview of Opportunities and Barriers for European Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Garcés-Ayerbe ◽  
Pilar Rivera-Torres ◽  
Inés Suárez-Perales ◽  
Dante Leyva-de la Hiz
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Common Barriers

The Circular Economy is a paradigm shift attempting to replace the end-of-life concept with reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering materials and to slow down, close and narrow material and power loops. This concept is much discussed in the academic literature, but limited progress has been accomplished so far regarding its empirical analysis. The objective of this work is to study circular economy practices and analyze in depth the circular economy behavior in European firms. We find that firms’ circular economy behavior is a gradual process where measures are implemented gradually, starting with activities involving control measures and ending with putting preventive practices in place. We discovered also that the most proactive companies in implementing circular economy measures generally come across certain common barriers such as administrative processes, regulations and a lack of human resources to perform these practices, while firms that have not implemented circular economy measures view financing, investment and cost–benefit barriers as the most significant. Significant efforts need to be undertaken by firms to accomplished circular economy. Also circular economy regulation should be improved to make it easier for companies to implement strategies that will make them more sustainable.

Effects of Low-Dose Flumioxazin and Metribuzin Postemergence Applications on Soybean

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Stephenson ◽  
Todd A. Spivey ◽  
Michael A. Deliberto ◽  
David C. Blouin ◽  
Brandi C. Woolam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Width Reduction ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAll herbicides will move off-target to sensitive crops when not applied correctly. Therefore, low-dose applications of flumioxazin and metribuzin were evaluated in soybean at the unifoliate, V2, and V4 growth stages. Rates evaluated were 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of the labeled use rates of 72 and 316 g ai ha−1 of flumioxazin and metribuzin, respectively. Flumioxazin injury was characterized by necrosis and visible height and width reduction. Injury increased with rate 3 d after treatment (DAT), with unifoliate, V2, and V4 soybean injured 15% to 30%, 18% to 27%, and 5% to 8%, respectively. Unifoliate and V4 soybean were injured more than V4 soybean 3 to 14 DAT, but injury decreased to <5% by 42 DAT. Soybean yields in the flumioxazin study were 92% to 96% of the nontreated, resulting in a yield loss of 196 to 393 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 71 to 141 US$ ha−1. Metribuzin injury was primarily chlorosis with necrosis and a visible reduction in soybean height and width. Soybean at the V2 growth stage was injured 14% more than V4 soybean 3 DAT, regardless of metribuzin rate. Injury to V2 and V4 soybean was similar 14 DAT, with injury of 21% to 40% across rates. Soybean injury when treated at the V2 and V4 growth stages was 6% to 29% 42 DAT compared to unifoliate soybean at 0 to 17%. Soybean yields in the metribuzin study yields were 96% to 98% of the nontreated. However, a 2% to 4% reduction equates to a loss of 90 to 180 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 32 to 65 US$ ha−1. Unifoliate and V2 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of flumioxazin POST, and V2 and V4 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of metribuzin POST. Injury and the impact on soybean growth could potentially cause economic loss for a soybean producer.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Competition and Control in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
L. M. Wax ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
And Control

Competition of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) with corn (Zea maysL.) was evaluated in the field at various yellow nutsedge densities over a 3-yr period. A relationship between yellow nutsedge density (shoots/m2) and percentage yield reduction revealed an 8% yield reduction for every 100 shoots/m2. Two 3-yr studies were conducted to determine the most effective combination of preplant-incorporated, postemergence, or postemergence-directed treatments for yellow nutsedge control in corn. The preplant incorporated treatments were alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), or nothing; postemergence treatments were bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide], two cultivations, or nothing; and the postemergence-directed treatments were ametryn [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] or nothing. One preplant-incorporated treatment of EPTC or alachlor prevented yield reductions from yellow nutsedge competition. When no control was practiced, yields were reduced 17% in a moderate yellow nutsedge infestation (initially infested with 300 tubers/m2) and 41% in a heavy infestation (initially infested with 1200 tubers/m2). Yields were reduced 7 to 8% in the moderate infestation when no preplant-incorporated treatments were used regardless of whether postemergence or postemergence-directed treatments were also used. After 1 yr, all control measures resulted in less tuber density than no control measures, but all control treatments had essentially similar tuber densities. After the second year, several herbicide treatments were as effective as hand weeding in reducing tuber density. At least 2 yr of effective control treatments were required to reduce tubers to 20% of the original density, and 3 yr of treatment to reduce the density to 15% of the original density. No combination of treatments, including hand weeding, eliminated tubers after 3 yr.

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