PARASITE AND PREDATOR COMPONENT OF WITHIN-TREE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) MORTALITY

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Linit ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Predator Complex ◽  
Parasite Complex ◽  
Insect Parasites

AbstractThe parasite and predator component of within-tree southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality was investigated by mechanically excluding insect parasites and predators from the bark surface of naturally infested shortleaf, Pinus echinata Mill., and loblolly, P. taeda L., pines. Mortality caused by insect parasites and predators was determined by comparisons of five treatments that differed only in the duration of natural enemy exclusion. These natural enemies were responsible for 28.04% and 23.85% of the within-tree beetle mortality in 1978 in Arkansas and in 1979 in Georgia, respectively. Natural enemy species that arrived on the tree during the first week following mass attack by beetles caused the greatest amount of mortality.Predator density was greater than parasite density at both locations. The majority of the predator complex arrived during the first week following mass attack by beetles, while the parasite complex arrived throughout the entire period of beetle brood development.A linear response was found between the number of southern pine beetle prey and the number of prey destroyed per predator. A mean (± S.E.) of 4.79 ± 0.64 southern pine beetle immatures were destroyed by each individual predator.

Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Kinn ◽  
M. J. Linit
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.

Airborne detection of southern pine beetle damage using key spectral bands

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1040-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A Carter ◽  
Michael R Seal ◽  
Tim Haley
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Pine Beetle

Damage by the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) occurs frequently in the southeastern United States and can result in tree death over large areas. A new technique for detection of SPB activity was tested for shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in the Caney Creek Wilderness, Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas. Digital images with 1-m pixel resolution were acquired from a light aircraft in 6- to 10-nm bandwidths centered at wavelengths of 675, 698, and 840 nm. The 675-nm band was selected to yield a maximum contrast between yellow or brown versus green foliage. The 698-nm band was selected based on its high sensitivity to leaf chlorophyll content to enable detection of less severe chlorosis in more recently damaged trees. The 840-nm band was used as a reference band that is not sensitive to chlorophyll. Images acquired within each band were calibrated to percent reflectance based on the known reflectances of a gray scale placard located on the ground. Individual trees with yellow to brown foliage were easily located in the 675- and 698-nm images. Milder chlorosis in more recently damaged pines was detected by a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was derived from 698- and 840-nm reflectances. Although statistically significant, the contrast of recently infested trees versus undamaged trees was generally visually poor in NDVI or color composite images. This was apparently a result of the inherent variability in leaf chlorophyll content throughout the forest. The increased reflectance near 700 nm characteristic of recent damage likely would be resolved more easily in pine plantations of low species diversity. Images of a NDVI that was based on 675- and 840-nm reflectances produced the strongest contrast between heavily damaged and undamaged trees.

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF CORTICEUS GLABER AND CORTICEUS PARALLELUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Smith ◽  
Richard A. Goyer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Infested Tree ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae ◽  
Southern Louisiana

AbstractIn southern Louisiana, Corticeus glaber (LeConte) outnumbered Corticeus parallelus (Melsheimer) 3.7:1 during 15-month study from October 1976 to December 1977. Corticeus spp. varied significantly (P < 0.01) among the 52 sample dates and three sample heights on infested tree boles. Corticeus spp. were significantly correlated with numbers of southern pine beetle eggs, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, in the bottom and middle samples but not in the top sample. Corticeus glaber peak arrival occurred from 14 days prior to 14 days following pine beetle mass attack, while C. parallelus peak arrival occurred from 7 days prior to 10 days following pine beetle mass attack.

scholarly journals Contrasting Competitor and Predator Responses to a Short-Lived Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R Clarke ◽  
Jessica Hartshorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Thanasimus Dubius ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Pine Beetle

Abstract The southern pine beetle (SPB) Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is the most important insect pest of pines in the southeastern United States, with outbreaks often resulting in thousands of hectares of pine mortality. Natural enemies and competitors have been cited as significant regulators of SPB populations and, therefore, outbreaks. A recent outbreak on the Homochitto National Forest (NF) in Mississippi provided an opportunity to undertake a case study comparing population fluctuations of SPB, its major predator Thanasimus dubius, and its competitors, Ips bark beetles. Trap catches of all three were tracked through the course of the outbreak on the Homochitto NF as well as in two other forests with low or no SPB activity. The number of predators collected initially increased on the Homochitto NF in response to the SPB outbreak, but their impact on reducing infestation numbers was unclear. Numbers of Ips trapped were similar across all three forests, indicating that other factors were regulating SPB populations. The outbreak only lasted a single year, and its brevity likely limited the availability of host resources for natural enemy and competitor populations. Additional studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms affecting the extent and duration of SPB outbreaks, such as active forest management. Study Implications: The widespread application of cut-and-leave treatments during a short duration southern pine beetle (SPB) outbreak on the Homochitto National Forest did not result in immediate increased collections of Ips bark beetles, competitors of SPB. Similar population trends of Ips bark beetles in areas with and without SPB infestations suggest that other factors, such as climate, regulate population numbers. Low numbers of the main SPB predator, Thanasimus dubius, immediately preceded an outbreak, and trap collections increased after outbreak onset, reaffirming the importance of this natural enemy in SPB population fluctuations.

scholarly journals Effects of Subzero Fahrenheit Temperatures on Southern Pine Beetle Populations in the Southern Appalachians

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iral Ragenovich
Keyword(s):  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Winter Temperatures

Abstract Several areas throughout the southern Appalachians were sampled to determine the extent of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman) brood mortality following a winter with subzero (F°) temperatures. Although 95-percent brood mortality may occur, results suggest that low winter temperatures may not be the sole reason for the decline of a southern pine beetle outbreak.

SPBCMP—A Program to Assess the Likelihood of Major Changes in the Distribution of the Southern Pine Beetle

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Michaels ◽  
David E. Sappington ◽  
Philip J. Stenger
Keyword(s):  
Computing System ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Pine Beetle

Abstract A statistical model has been developed that relates percentage change in the large area coverage of southern pine beetle outbreaks (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) to temperature and moisture status indices. It is applicable over the entire range of epidemic outbreaks during the last quarter-century. The interactive computer program, SPBCMP, can be used to assess the likelihood of major changes in coverage several months prior to the period of maximum activity. SPBCMP requires only location and four easily accessed climatic parameters. Climatic data for these driving variables can be supplied by the user obtained from a file maintained on the University of Virginia Academic Computing System. The program instructs the user on how to access that data. An additional feature of SPBCMP is that it allows for sensitivity analyses based on weather scenarios for upcoming months. South. J. Appl. For. 10:158-61, Aug. 1986.

CARBOHYDRATES OF INNER BARK OF PINUS TAEDA AS AFFECTED BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS AND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Barras ◽  
John D. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle

AbstractGlucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.

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