THE SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS IN POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): A FIELD STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION ON PRODUCTIVITY

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Gibo
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Selection Models ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Parental Manipulation ◽  
Equivalent Potential ◽  
Manipulation Model

AbstractColonies of P. fuscatus that were initiated by various numbers of foundresses were studied to gather basic life table information. This information was used to estimate the selective advantage of foundress association according to a kin selection model, a parental manipulation model, two individual selection models, and a combined kin and individual selection model. Life table data were obtained for colonies located in exposed nest sites and for colonies located in nest sites provided with protection from vertebrate predators. Relative productivity of colonies produced by different size foundress associations and under different levels of predation pressure were determined. Multiple foundress colonies were found to be more productive and have an increased ability to re-establish after an episode of predation when compared with single foundress colonies. When predation levels on the colonies were high, multiple foundress colonies were more productive per colony and per foundress. When predation levels on the colonies were low, multiple foundress colonies were more productive per colony but less productive per foundress. At high levels of predation, when the queens and joiners were all assumed to have equivalent potential productivities, the kin selection model, the parental manipulation model, and the combined kin and individual selection model all predicted a selective advantage for joiners in foundress associations. At low levels of predation, when the wasps are assumed to have equivalent productivities, only the parental manipulation model predicted a selective advantage for joiners in foundress associations. When the assumption of equivalent potential is relaxed and when the wasps are assumed to be capable of detecting and acting upon individual differences in productivity, then all of the models could account for the existence of foundress associations. However, under this last set of assumptions the individual selection models require that the joiners have very low potential productivities.

scholarly journals Computer simulation for the growing probability of additional offspring with an advantageous reversal allele in the decoupled continuous-time mutation–selection model

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650070
Author(s):  
Wonpyong Gill
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Fitness Parameter ◽  
Allele Model

This study calculated the growing probability of additional offspring with the advantageous reversal allele in an asymmetric sharply-peaked landscape using the decoupled continuous-time mutation–selection model. The growing probability was calculated for various population sizes, N, sequence lengths, L, selective advantages, s, fitness parameters, k and measuring parameters, C. The saturated growing probability in the stochastic region was approximately the effective selective advantage, [Formula: see text], when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The present study suggests that the growing probability in the stochastic region in the decoupled continuous-time mutation–selection model can be described using the theoretical formula for the growing probability in the Moran two-allele model. The selective advantage ratio, which represents the ratio of the effective selective advantage to the selective advantage, does not depend on the population size, selective advantage, measuring parameter and fitness parameter; instead the selective advantage ratio decreases with the increasing sequence length.

scholarly journals Group and individual selection during evolutionary transitions in individuality: meanings and partitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20190364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah E. Shelton ◽  
Richard E. Michod
Keyword(s):  
Group Selection ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Selection Models ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Multi Level

The Price equation embodies the ‘conditions approach’ to evolution in which the Darwinian conditions of heritable variation in fitness are represented in equation form. The equation can be applied recursively, leading to a partition of selection at the group and individual levels. After reviewing the well-known issues with the Price partition, as well as issues with a partition based on contextual analysis, we summarize a partition of group and individual selection based on counterfactual fitness, the fitness that grouped cells would have were they solitary. To understand ‘group selection’ in multi-level selection models, we assume that only group selection can make cells suboptimal when they are removed from the group. Our analyses suggest that there are at least three kinds of selection that can be occurring at the same time: group-specific selection along with two kinds of individual selection, within-group selection and global individual selection. Analyses based on counterfactual fitness allow us to specify how close a group is to being a pseudo-group, and this can be a basis for quantifying progression through an evolutionary transition in individuality (ETI). During an ETI, fitnesses at the two levels, group and individual, become decoupled, in the sense that fitness in a group may be quite high, even as counterfactual fitness goes to zero. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of the Price equation’.

scholarly journals Estimating selection models without an instrument with Stata

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Xavier D’Haultfœuille ◽  
Arnaud Maurel ◽  
Xiaoyun Qiu ◽  
Yichong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
P Value ◽  
Specification Test ◽  
Selection Models ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Bootstrap Inference ◽  
Homogeneous Linear

In this article, we present the eqregsel command, which estimates and provides bootstrap inference for sample-selection models via extremal quantile regression. eqregsel estimates a semiparametric sample-selection model without an instrument or a large support regressor and outputs the point estimates of the homogeneous linear coefficients, their bootstrap standard errors, and the p-value for a specification test.

scholarly journals Sibling quality and the haplodiploidy hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 20190764 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kennedy ◽  
A. N. Radford
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
Insect Biology ◽  
Relatedness Asymmetry

The ‘haplodiploidy hypothesis’ argues that haplodiploid inheritance in bees, wasps, and ants generates relatedness asymmetries that promote the evolution of altruism by females, who are less related to their offspring than to their sisters (‘supersister’ relatedness). However, a consensus holds that relatedness asymmetry can only drive the evolution of eusociality if workers can direct their help preferentially to sisters over brothers, either through sex-ratio biases or a pre-existing ability to discriminate sexes among the brood. We show via a kin selection model that a simple feature of insect biology can promote the origin of workers in haplodiploids without requiring either condition. In insects in which females must found and provision new nests, body quality may have a stronger influence on female fitness than on male fitness. If altruism boosts the quality of all larval siblings, sisters may, therefore, benefit more than brothers from receiving the same amount of help. Accordingly, the benefits of altruism would fall disproportionately on supersisters in haplodiploids. Haplodiploid females should be more prone to altruism than diplodiploid females or males of either ploidy when altruism elevates female fitness especially, and even when altruists are blind to sibling sex.

scholarly journals Research on Regional Strategic Emerging Industry Selection Models Based on Fuzzy Optimization and Entropy Evaluation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuying Guo ◽  
Xiaofeng Hui
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Multiobjective Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Fuzzy Optimization ◽  
Optimization Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Selection Models ◽  
Industrial Inspection

It is with a great significance to discuss the selection model of regional strategic emerging industry. First, the paper uses the fuzzy optimization theory to select the central industry of area as the regional strategic emerging industry and try to optimize the weight’s calculation in the multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to get more accurate results. Then it will do a strategic emerging industrial inspection about the advantage and ecological related index based on a multiobjective programming model and the maximum entropy.

An analysis of sex in random environments, I

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 453-463
Author(s):  
W. G. S. Hines ◽  
W. S. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Random Environments ◽  
Individual Selection

A model of the effects of random variations in environment upon reproductive fitness of sexual and asexual members of a population is analyzed, using individual selection arguments. Conditions are found under which sexuality does result in a net selective advantage, with the conditions per locus becoming markedly less severe as the number of loci considered increases.

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