FRONTALIN ATTRACTANT IN STANDS INFESTED BY THE SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 979-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. A. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle

AbstractField trials of the synthetic bark-beetle pheromone frontalin demonstrated that lines of single, baited spruce trees, in or near Dendroctonus rufipennis infestations, resulted in concentrated beetle attacks on trees in a strip 2 chains (40 m) wide on either side of the lines of baited trees. Pre-flight insecticide (Lindane) application killed the beetles and prevented tree mortality. Post-attack arboricide (Silvisar) treatment killed most parent beetles and brood under the bark. A predator, Thanasimus undatulus, also was aggregated at frontalin-baited trees. This application of pheromone shows promise of becoming a forest management tool to concentrate beetle attacks in partly infested stands prior to logging.

DIFFERENTIAL BIOACTIVITY OF CONOPHTHORIN ON FOUR SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezene P.W. Huber ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Nicole L. Jeans-Williams ◽  
Regine Gries
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractThe angiosperm bark volatile, conophthorin, was tested at release rates of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/24 h against the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the pine engraver, Ips pint (Say), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (all Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The responses of D. pseudotsugae, I. pini, and (in one of two experiments) female D. confusus to attractant-baited traps were disrupted by conophthorin in a dose-dependent manner. Dendroctonus rufipennis was not disrupted by conophthorin. Our results extend the repellent bioactivity of conophthorin to Ips DeGeer spp. and confirm earlier experiments with D. pseudotsugae. Conophthorin may have some utility in protecting susceptible timber from bark beetle attack.

Evaluations of Bole Injections for Protecting Engelmann Spruce from Mortality Attributed to Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Intermountain West

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
A. Steven Munson ◽  
Donald M. Grosman ◽  
Darren C. Blackford
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Abstract Bark beetles are important disturbance agents in coniferous forests, and spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the more notable species causing landscape-level tree mortality in western North America. We evaluated the efficacy of bole injections of emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge®; Arborjet Inc., Woburn, MA) alone and combined with propiconazole (Alamo®; Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., Wilmington, DE) for protecting Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann (Pinales: Pinaceae), from mortality attributed to colonization by D. rufipennis. Two injection periods in 2013 (the spring and fall of the year prior to trees first being challenged by D. rufipennis in 2014) and distributions of injection points (7.6- and 15.2-cm spacings) were evaluated. Tree mortality was monitored over a 3-yr period (2014–2017). Emamectin benzoate injected in spring at a narrow spacing (7.6 cm) was the only effective treatment. Two (but not three) field seasons of protection can be expected with a single injection of this treatment. We discuss the implications of these and other results regarding the use of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting western conifers from mortality attributed to bark beetles, and provide suggestions for future research. A table summarizing the appropriate timing of treatments in different bark beetle/host systems is provided.

Bole Implantation of Systemic Insecticides Does Not Protect Trees From Spruce Beetle Attack

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Shea ◽  
Edward H. Holsten ◽  
John Hard
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Adult Beetle ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Kenai Peninsula ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Abstract Two experiments were conducted on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to evaluate the effectiveness of acephate, dimethoate, and carbofuran delivered by Medicap implants in previously unattacked spruce trees [natural hybrids of Sitka (Picea sitchensis) and white spruce (P. glauca)] to prevent tree mortality (preventive treatment); and in successfully attacked spruce trees to kill brood of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, and thereby prevent tree mortality (remedial treatment). Tree mortality ranged from 60% to 93% in the treated trees and were judged as inadequate in preventing tree mortality. There was no evidence of egg, larval, pupae, or adult beetle mortality. Residue analysis of foliages removed from the crown of sample trees ranged from ca. 5 ppm 28-days postspray to ca 23 ppm 128 days postspray showing that acephate moved vertically into the tree crown. Neither carbofuran nor dimethoate were recovered from foliage samples. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):4-7.

Dendroecological detection of spruce bark beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1788-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Eisenhart ◽  
Thomas T Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Episodic outbreaks of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the spruce bark beetle, have greatly influenced the structure of subalpine forests in northern Colorado. During the 1940s, much of the subalpine zone of northwestern Colorado was severely affected by beetle outbreak; also, tree-ring and photographic evidence suggest that large-scale outbreaks occurred in the 19th century. The present study focused on tree-ring methods to examine the regional extent and synchrony of pre-20th-century beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado. Results from examination of both live and dead Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) tree rings in nine stands were compared with results of previous tree-ring studies in the same region. Evidence of past canopy disturbance included episodes of tree mortality in conjunction with sustained increases in radial growth rates. We identified regional outbreaks of spruce beetle by synchronous and sustained growth release in trees from disjunct stands. These new tree-ring records, along with previously published records, indicate that severe and widespread canopy disturbances, probably spruce beetle outbreaks, affected northwestern Colorado in 1716-1750, 1827-1845, 1860-1870, and 1940-1960. These results support earlier findings that large-scale outbreaks of spruce beetle have long been an important component of the dynamics of subalpine forests in Colorado.

scholarly journals Eastern Red Bat Responses to Fire during Winter Torpor

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Jason T. Layne ◽  
Dana Green ◽  
Anna Scesny ◽  
Lynn W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Lasiurus Borealis ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
First Response ◽  
Eastern Red Bat

Prescribed fires are a forest management tool used to improve natural areas for a variety of benefits including increased plant diversity, reduced competition for desired species, decreased fuel loads, and improved wildlife habitat. The post-fire results in landscapes have shown positive benefits for bat populations. However, prescribed fires set in the winter may cause direct mortality of eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) populations that use leaf litter for roosting during periods of colder (<10 °C) temperatures. Therefore, we used controlled laboratory techniques to explore if eastern red bats arouse from torpor when exposed to cues associated with fire (i.e., smoke and the sound of fire). Through subsequent field trials, we confirmed latencies of first response (i.e., movement or increased respiration), arousal, and flight behaviors to the stimuli of fire. We provide evidence of smoke influencing eastern red bat first response and arousal through laboratory and field trial results. Latencies of all behaviors were negatively correlated with temperatures and wind speeds prior to and during field trials. We recommend prescribing winter fires on days when temperatures are >10 °C to provide eastern red bats with a better chance to passively rewarm and react to an approaching fire.

Elucidating pheromone and host volatile components attractive to the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in eastern Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Ryall ◽  
P. Silk ◽  
G.S. Thurston ◽  
T.A. Scarr ◽  
P. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Host Volatiles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractFrontalin, seudenol, and a spruce terpene blend are key components of a lure for monitoring spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in eastern Canada, catching the highest number of beetles in several field trials. The standard two-component commercial lure for this species, developed from populations in western North America and composed of 95%:5% (±)-α-pinene and frontalin, failed to elicit attraction to traps in Atlantic Canada; thus a series of trapping experiments were conducted to identify an improved combination of pheromone and host volatiles for this region. Analysis of volatiles from D. rufipennis collected from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, Canada detected seudenol as an additional female-produced component. Laboratory analysis of the eastern host (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Pinaceae) detected the presence of 75%:25% (±)-α-pinene; however, a two-component lure comprised of 75%:25% (±)-α-pinene and frontalin caught no more beetles than an unbaited control. Frontalin and seudenol alone or spruce terpene blend and ethanol alone typically had among the lowest trap catches, but when combined they caught the highest numbers of D. rufipennis, supporting the hypothesis that host volatiles synergise attraction to pheromones. Our results highlight the importance of geographic variation in the response to pheromones and kairomones in this bark beetle.

Evaluation of funnel traps for estimating tree mortality and associated population phase of spruce beetle in Utah

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2574-2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Matthew Hansen ◽  
Barbara J Bentz ◽  
A Steven Munson ◽  
James C Vandygriff ◽  
David L Turner
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Recursive Partitioning ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Funnel Trap ◽  
Spruce Mortality

Although funnel traps are routinely used to manage bark beetles, little is known regarding the relationship between trap captures and tree mortality near the trap. We conducted a 4 year study in Utah to examine the correlation between funnel-trap captures of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) and mortality of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) within a 10 ha block of the trap. Using recursive partitioning tree analyses, rules were developed for predicting spruce mortality and associated levels of beetle population phase (endemic or epidemic), in the current year and subsequent year, for a given level of trap captures. Although model predictions of infested-stem counts had large variances, our results suggest that funnel-trap captures can be reliably used to estimate relative levels of tree mortality, expressed as spruce beetle population phase. Classification-tree analyses indicate that captures of ~842 spruce beetles during a season (late May to mid-August) from a single funnel trap represent a threshold between endemic (<2 mass-attacked stems/ha) and epidemic conditions (≥2 mass-attacked stems/ha) for either the current or the subsequent year relative to deployment of the funnel trap. Likewise, a lack of infested hosts within 10 m of a funnel trap, also known as spillover, was associated with endemic conditions, whereas trees attacked near the trap correlated with epidemic conditions.

Zwischenevaluation des Wald-Wild-Management-Instruments (WWMI) im Pilotprogramm effor2 «Wald und Wild» | Preliminary evaluation of the Game-Forest-Management-Tool (GFMT) in the effor2 pilot programme «Game and Forest»

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Eyholzer ◽  
Martin Baumann ◽  
Rolf Manser
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Optimal Contract ◽  
Technical Tool ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Pilot Programme ◽  
Complex Problems ◽  
Entire Study Area

Faced with the challenging task of balancing forest interests and wildlife, the Swiss Forest Agency initiated the pilot programme«Game and Forest», which is committed to a philosophy of goal-oriented management practice and a redesign of forestry subsidizing. Within this programme the diverse goals of forestry and hunting have been amalgamated to a superimposed goal and set out in a corresponding contract. The Game-Forest-Management-Tool (GFMT) has been divised to simulate the effect of various strategies to deal with the complex problems of forest-wildlife. Optimal contract-fulfilling procedures can be simulated on a PC using this technical tool. The efficiency of the measures suggested by simulations that were carried out are being tested in a study area within the pilot programme, «Game and Forest». Half way through this trial, after two years, we can say that there has been no significant increase of non-browsed areas. In 2004, after the collection of data for the entire study area, we will be able to tell whether applying this computer simulated strategy truly leads to an augmentation of non-browsed area and a decrease in bark-peeled forests in the pilot area.

scholarly journals Cross-scale interaction of host tree size and climatic water deficit governs bark beetle-induced tree mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Koontz ◽  
Andrew M. Latimer ◽  
Leif A. Mortenson ◽  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
Malcolm P. North
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Scale Interactions ◽  
Climatic Water Deficit ◽  
Host Mortality

AbstractThe recent Californian hot drought (2012–2016) precipitated unprecedented ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality, largely attributable to the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis; WPB). Broad-scale climate conditions can directly shape tree mortality patterns, but mortality rates respond non-linearly to climate when local-scale forest characteristics influence the behavior of tree-killing bark beetles (e.g., WPB). To test for these cross-scale interactions, we conduct aerial drone surveys at 32 sites along a gradient of climatic water deficit (CWD) spanning 350 km of latitude and 1000 m of elevation in WPB-impacted Sierra Nevada forests. We map, measure, and classify over 450,000 trees within 9 km2, validating measurements with coincident field plots. We find greater size, proportion, and density of ponderosa pine (the WPB host) increase host mortality rates, as does greater CWD. Critically, we find a CWD/host size interaction such that larger trees amplify host mortality rates in hot/dry sites. Management strategies for climate change adaptation should consider how bark beetle disturbances can depend on cross-scale interactions, which challenge our ability to predict and understand patterns of tree mortality.

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