BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF CHORISTONEURA LAMBERTIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON LODGEPOLE PINE IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO AND WESTERN MONTANA

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1201-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Insect Oviposition

AbstractThe sugar pine tortrix heavily defoliated the current season’s needles on lodgepole pine during 1965–66 in southeastern Idaho, and during 1967–68 in western Montana. A brief description of the life stages, damage, and observations on the life history and habits are presented. Choristoneura lambertiana (Busck) is a univoltine insect; oviposition and eclosion occur in late July and early August; first instar larvae spin hibernacula and overwinter in bark cracks, under bark scales, and in other protected locations on the tree and emerge in late May and June. Larvae complete development in approximately 6 weeks, and pupate in July. Adults emerge from about mid-July through early August. Mating and oviposition occur within a few days after adult emergence. Five larval stadia are proposed. Sixteen species of parasites were reared from eggs, larvae, and pupae. One predator was observed feeding on larvae in the field.

Life History of Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Attacking Lodgepole Pine

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 684-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Stark ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe life history of a tortricid cone moth Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov in California is described. The larvae feed primarily on staminatc flowers and cones of lodgepole pine although some needle- and tip-mining occurs. The only other recorded host is ponderosa pine.Eggs are deposited in late July to early August; first-instar larvae migrate from the needles to protected locations on the branches and spin hibernacula. The larvae overwinter predominantly as second-instar larvae in the hibernaculum. They emerge from the hibernacula in April, and mature in four to six weeks. There are six larval instars. The pupal period lasts approximately two weeks; adult emergence begins in mid-July and extends through the end of August.

LIFE CYCLE AND MORTALITY OF PISSODES TERMINALIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Langor ◽  
Daryl J.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
New Generation

AbstractThe seasonal life history and mortality of the lodgepole terminal weevil, Pissodes terminalis Hopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were investigated in young lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae), at three sites in west-central Alberta. Flight was monitored with traps. Development and mortality of all stages were investigated by dissecting infested leaders biweekly from late spring to early fall. Two years were required for P. terminalis to complete its life cycle, and generations overlapped. Overwintered adults emerged from the duff and commenced flight in late May, with a peak in mid-June. Eggs were present from mid-June to late July. There were four larval instars. The first two instars fed only in the phloem. Third and fourth larval instars eventually entered the pith to continue feeding, overwinter, and complete development the following spring. The new generation of adults emerged between mid-July and early August, fed on new shoots for several weeks, and overwintered in the duff. Adults have an obligatory diapause and did not reproduce until after winter. Fourth larval instars suffered the highest mortality. The major attributable cause of mortality was resinosis among eggs and young larvae and cold temperatures during the winter among mature larvae. Pathogens caused little mortality. Six species of parasitoids were collected.

Growth and development of larvae and adults of Tipula sacra Alexander (Insecta: Diptera) in a series of abandoned beaver ponds

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Beaver Ponds ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Two Peaks

Collections of all stages of the crane fly, Tipula sacra have been made over a period of years from a series of abandoned beaver ponds in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. The growth of larvae was followed by head-capsule measurements and weights. Eggs hatch within a month; first-instar larvae grow rapidly and enter the second instar after a few weeks. The second instar may last for 3 months and the third instar usually lasts for 6 months, including the first winter. Most larvae spend almost a full year in the fourth instar and overwinter for a second time. However, there was much variation in growth rate within the population. Adult emergence curves were consistent in form in 4 years. Each spanned a period of just over 2 months, although individual adults lived for only a few days. These curves snowed two peaks, the second of which contained 15–20% of the year's emergents. These two groups may represent different cohorts that have grown at different rates, suggesting that the life history may be semivoltine or univoltine. The sex ratio changes from about 1:1 in the third instar to 2:1 in favor of males in the late fourth instar, pupa, and adult.

scholarly journals Water immersion tolerance by larval instars of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) impairs the fitness performance of their subsequent stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve B. S. Baleba
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar

Abstract Background In holometabolous insects, environmental factors experienced in pre-imaginal life stages affect the life-history traits within that stage and can also influence subsequent life stages. Here, I assessed tolerance to water immersion by the larval instars of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and its impact on the life-history traits of their subsequent life stages. Results After submerging the three larval instars of S. calcitrans in distilled water, I found that the first instar larvae remained active for longer as compared to the second and third instar larvae. Also, the first instar larvae took a longer period to recover from the stress-induced immobility when removed from the water and returned to ambient temperature. When I followed the development of individuals of each larval instar that survived from water immersion, I found that their developmental time, weight, pupation percentage, adult emergence percentage and adult weight were negatively affected by this stressor. However, the weight of S. calcitrans adults developed from immersed first larval instar individuals was not affected by water immersion whereas their counterparts developed from immersed second and third larval instars had lower body weight. This suggests that in S. calcitrans, water immersion stress at the earlier stage is less detrimental than that experienced at late stages. Conclusion This study provides a comparative overview of the fitness consequences associated with water immersion stress during S. calcitrans larval ontogeny. The results prove that the fitness shift induced by water immersion in S. calcitrans is stage-specific. My results illustrate the importance of considering each larval instar when assessing the impact of environmental factors on holometabolous insect performance as these may be decoupled by metamorphosis.

Franklinothrips vespiformis Crawford (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), a potential predator of the tea thrips, Scirtothrips bispinosus Bagnall in south Indian tea plantations

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mahendran ◽  
B. Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
First Instar ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Tea Plantations

During the surveys carried out for natural enemies of Scirtothrips bispinosus Bagnall in tea plantations, the predatory thrips Franklinothrips vespiformis Crawford was found preying on tea thrips in High ranges, Nilgiris and Central Travancore regions of south India. The life history and predatory potential of F. vespiformis were studied in the laboratory by providing different life stages of S. bispinosus as feed. Studies on life history revealed that F. vespiformis had six life stages with a greater potential for population increase at 25 °C. Adult stages of F. vespiformis, consumed more number of thrips than the larval instars. However, per day consumption was more in second instar larva than adult and first instar. All the active life stages of F. vespiformis except the non-feeding pupa preferred mostly first instar larvae for feeding followed by the second instar. Field observations revealed that increase in predator population coincided with the population increase of prey species. The results of the present study indicate F. vespiformis as an efficient predator against S. bispinosus and therefore it could be explored as a potential biocontrol agent in the management of tea thrips.

LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR OF PODISUS MODESTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN BOREAL FOREST IN QUEBEC

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Tostowaryk
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Logistic Curve ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
First Instar ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPodisus modestus (Dallas) has one generation per year in the boreal forest of Quebec. Adults hibernate in the litter and soil from mid-autumn to late spring. Overwintered adults were found in the field until the latter part of August. Adults mated shortly after emergence from hibernation. Females mated an average of three times during the summer; the maintenance of a supply of highly fertile eggs apparently required this periodic mating. Young adults, which emerge from August to October, neither mated nor laid eggs before hibernation.The preoviposition period after first mating was 10 to 19 days. Females laid an average of 7.9 egg masses (average of 16.7 eggs per mass) at intervals of 1 to 25 days on jack pine, and on Kalmia and Vaccinium spp.Eighty per cent of the eggs hatched successfully after a mean incubation period of 15.3 days; 12% did not develop while 8% developed and were destroyed, during hatching, by other first-instar nymphs in the brood. Maturing nymphs spent an average of 7.7, 7.7, 7.8, 11.9, and 23.8 days in each of the five respective stadia, and required 59 days from hatching to adult emergence. A logistic curve describes the relationship between developmental time and temperature. First-instar nymphs required no animal food, but during each of the last four instars animal food was required for maturation. The hunting and feeding behavior, food consumption, abundance and mortality of P. modestus are also described.

LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF EINFELDIA SYNCHRONA (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1597-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
First Instar

AbstractEinfeldia synchrona Oliver is univoltine in a small, shallow, highly eutrophic pond near Ottawa (45°N.). Adult emergence is synchronized with slight protandry in May, and from this small pond exceeded 145,000 individuals in 1970. Emergence is inhibited experimentally at short photoperiods. More than one egg mass is produced, during a period of several days following emergence. First instar larvae, which lack ventral tubules, are at first pelagic but build cases before moulting. The remaining three larval instars possess 1 pair of ventral tubules. Larvae show a preference for central areas of the pond over 40 cm deep, and show some mobility in response to seasonal depth changes. There are arrests in the development of larvae both in winter and during summer, with cessation of feeding, penetration into the mud, and construction in winter of special sealed cocoons. Marked year to year differences in the stage reached by winter, and in the larval population level, were detected. Many of these biological features are probably widespread in Chironomini and hence of some importance in the interpretation of studies of the bottom fauna.

Life-history and larviparous reproduction of musca fergusoni J. & B. (Diptera, Muscidae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ferrar
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Indigenous Australian ◽  
Genital Aperture ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Single Larva

AbstractMusca fergusoni J. & B. is an indigenous Australian fly that infests livestock, feeding on sweat and other body secretions and breeding in cow and horse dung. The fly is larviparous, developing a single larva at a time and depositing it at the end of the first instar. The ovaries comprise two ovarioles each, and the single ovulations alternate between ovaries and between ovarioles within an ovary. Abnormalities of development shown by unfertilised females are described, including the accumulation of fluid around unhatched eggs in the uterus which suggests that there is intrauterine secretion of nourishment for the larva. Descriptions are given of the immature stages. The egg is adapted for life in utero by having the respiratory plastron confined to the posterior end, oriented towards the genital aperture of the mother. The puparium is whitish, and is hardened by calcification instead of tanning. The durations of development at 16, 20, 27 and 32°C are given: from larval deposition to moult to third instar takes 58, 38, 19 and 15 h, respectively; from larval deposition to pupariation 11·5, 7·5, 3·5–4 and 3–3·5 days, respectively; and from larval deposition to adult emergence 53–57, 31–33, 15·5–16·5, and 10–11 days, respectively.

scholarly journals Estimating the survival of unobservable life stages for a declining frog with a complex life history

Ecosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Rose ◽  
Sarah J. Kupferberg ◽  
Clara A. Wheeler ◽  
Patrick M. Kleeman ◽  
Brian J. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Complex Life History

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

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