EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
pp. 1048-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Trpiš ◽  
J. A. Shemanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Suitable Temperature

AbstractThe most suitable temperature for larval development of Aedes vexans Meigen was found to be 25 °C. At this temperature 86% of the larvae survived and pupated in 7 days. At 10°, 15°, 20°, and 30 °C larval development time was 46, 22, 10, and 8 days and survival rates were 17, 56, 74, and 71%, respectively. At 5 °C mortality was 100% in the first-instar stage, the last larva dying 12 days after hatching. Adults emerged in 2 to 5 days after being transferred into water at 25 °C, males emerging 2 days before the females.

An efficient technique for laboratory rearing of Simulium verecundum S. &J. (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
B. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Tropical Fish ◽  
Efficient Technique ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Magnetic Stirring ◽  
The Mean

A series of 10 similar rearing vessels, each containing 500 ml of water circulated by a rotating magnetic stirring bar, was used to rear cohorts of 50 first-instar Simulium verecundum larvae to adults. Ground 'TETRA' tropical fish meal was used as food. The culture water was replaced daily to remove toxic nitrogenous products excreted by the larvae. In three experiments, the mean [Formula: see text] survival rates were 71.60 ± 3.19%, 81.73 ± 2.78%, and 66.60 ± 2.60%; larval development was reasonably synchronous and the median periods required for growth from first instar to adult were 25, 22, and 21 days.

Influence of Diet on Development and Survival of Thanatophilus rugosus (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarin Qubaiová ◽  
Pavel Jakubec ◽  
Santiago Montoya-Molina ◽  
Martin Novák ◽  
Hana Šuláková
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Carrion Beetle ◽  
Entomological Research

Abstract This study examined the effects of various diets on the development time and survival of the carrion beetle Thanatophilus rugosus (Fabricius, 1775). We attempted to find the best diet for rearing the species in laboratory conditions for entomological research and forensic purposes, and to further understand its feeding habits. The larval stages were monitored while feeding on three types of meat under a constant temperature. We discovered that the shortest development time in total was achieved in larvae fed with pork liver, followed closely by pork muscle. The longest development and lowest survival rates were observed when introducing a chicken diet. We were also able to identify specific stages during which the diet significantly affected the development.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PRE-ADULT DEVELOPMENT OF AEDES FLAVESCENS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Trpiš ◽  
J. A. Shemanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Suitable Temperature

AbstractThe most suitable temperature for larval development of Aedes flavescens was found to be 20 °C. At this temperature 74% of the larvae pupated in 20 days. At 15 °C the developmental period was 42 days with a survival rate of 54%. At 25 °C the developmental period was 22 days but the survival rate dropped to 7%. At 10 °C the developmental period was 80 days with a survival rate of 6%. At 5 °C and 30 °C mortality was 100% in the first instar stage. Adult males emerged from the pupae in three days at 25 °C, two days earlier than the females.

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

Colonization patterns and life-history dynamics of Culex mosquitoes in artificial ponds of different character

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 568-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dudley Williams ◽  
Annette Tavares-Cromar ◽  
Donn J. Kushner ◽  
John R. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Artificial Ponds

The relationship between the biology and habitat of larval mosquitoes was studied in a series of artificial ponds of differing characteristics established across a terrestrial vegetation gradient from open fields to deep woods. The ponds were uniformly colonized by two widespread species of Culex, both characteristic of small bodies of water, including artificial, "container" habitats. First-instar larvae of Culex restuans were found within 2 days of filling the ponds with water and four or five generations were produced from May until the end of September. One very long generation occurred in July, which corresponded to maximum larval densities. Overall, there was a strong relationship between larval development time of C. restuans and larval density. A few larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens occurred sporadically throughout the summer, but numbers did not increase until C. restuans populations began to wane in late July. Thereafter two, or possibly three, generations were produced into the autumn. The patterns of colonization, synchrony of life history, and growth of these two species were remarkably consistent amongst the ponds, despite considerable variation in both their physical and biological environments (e.g., over the 2 years of study, conductivity ranged from 20 to 890 μS, pH from 6.4 to 10.7, dissolved oxygen from 0 to 13.5 ppm, and water temperature from 5 to 29.8 °C). Density of C. restuans was related to water temperature and pH at the "open" site and to water temperature, dissolved oxygen, percent algae, and percent detritus at the "edge of the woods" site. At the "deep woods" site, larval numbers were related to temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. At both the edge and deep wood sites, larval development time of C. restuans increased with mean water temperature to 20 °C. Above this temperature, larval development time tended to decrease.

Na/K-ATPase activity during larval development in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and the effects of salinity on survival rates

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Thi Thanh HUONG ◽  
Vidya JAYASANKAR ◽  
Safiah JASMANI ◽  
Hisako SAIDO-SAKANAKA ◽  
Andrew J. WIGGINTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Giant Freshwater Prawn

scholarly journals Efficacy of Broilers as a Method of Face Fly (Musca autumnalis De Geer) Larva Control for Organic Dairy Production

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2429
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Phillips ◽  
Roger D. Moon ◽  
Ulrike S. Sorge ◽  
Bradley J. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Organic Dairy ◽  
Outdoor Area ◽  
Musca Autumnalis ◽  
Organic Dairy Production

The objective of this study was to evaluate Freedom-Ranger broiler chickens as a method to control face fly (Musca autumnalis De Geer) larvae in cow dung pats on pasture. Ninety-nine pats in three replicates were inoculated with first-instar larvae and exposed to one of four treatment conditions for 3 to 4 days: (1) an environment-controlled greenhouse (GH); (2) pasture without broilers (NEG); (3) pasture with 25 broilers stocked at a low density of 2.5 m2 of outdoor area per broiler (LOW); and (4) pasture with 25 broilers stocked at a high density of 0.5 m2 of outdoor area per broiler (HIGH). Broiler behaviors and weather conditions were recorded twice daily. Survival rates of larvae (mean, 95% CI) were similar for pats in the NEG (4.4%, 2–9%), LOW (5.6%, 3–11%), and HIGH (3.2%, 2–7%) groups, and was greatest for larvae reared in the GH (54.4%, 36–72%) group compared to all other groups. The proportion of broilers observed pasture ranging was 14.0% (6–28%) but was negatively related to solar radiation. Broilers were never observed foraging in pats. Results indicate that use of broilers may not be an effective method for controlling larvae of dung pat breeding flies.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on the Survival and Larval Development of Deiratonotus Japonicus (Brachyura, Camptandriidae) as a Biological Indicator

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il-Kweun Oh ◽  
Seung-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Kanagawa Prefecture ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Deiratonotus japonicus (D. japonicus) inhabits isolated locations and upstream brackish waters from Kanagawa Prefecture to Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. This species faces the threat of extinction because of changing habitat conditions. Our previous studies have shown that its complete larval development from hatching to metamorphosis consists of five zoeal stages and one megalopal stage. In this study, the effect of temperature on the survival and growth of larval development in D. japonicus under controlled laboratory conditions of 13, 18, 23, 24, 25, and 26 °C was investigated by rearing larvae (30 PSU; 12:12 h light/dark cycle; fed a diet of Brachionus plicatilis rotundiformis and Artemia sp. nauplii). The survival rates and developmental periods were measured for each larval stage. The highest survival rates were obtained at 18–24 °C. Metamorphosis to megalopa occurred at 23–25 °C. There were rapid and synchronous developments at 25–26 °C but delayed and extended developments at 13 °C. The molting period decreased with increasing temperature. With decreasing temperature, the beginning of the development and duration of molting was prolonged. In addition, there were very low survival rates at 13 °C and 26 °C in all zoeal stages. Our results indicate that the early larval stages of D. japonicus are well adapted to 18–24 °C, the range observed in the estuarine marine environment of the Kita River during the breeding season. Optimum larval survival and growth were obtained at 23 °C. Temperature significantly affected the survival rate, developmental period, and molting of the larvae. The relationship between the cumulative periods of development from hatching through individual larval stages (y) and temperatures (T) was described as a power function (y = a × Tb).

Life-History Data of a Mexican Population of Triatoma nitida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Tzintli Meraz-Medina ◽  
Benjamin Nogueda-Torres ◽  
María E Villagrán-Herrera ◽  
Jose A de Diego-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract This study reports the third collection of Triatoma nitida Usinger in Mexico, with a brief description of the collection area and an investigation of parameters related to its vectorial capacity. Whether a triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species is a primary or secondary vector is determined by factors that include vectorial capacity, anthropophilic habits, geographic distribution, and capacity to invade and colonize human dwellings. However, when the primary vectors are removed, secondary vectors, such as T. nitida, can become important transmitters of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas to humans. To estimate the vectorial capacity of T. nitida, the egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals required to molt to the adult stage, accumulative mortality, onset time for feeding, and feeding and defecation times were examined. Triatoma nitida (n = 100) required a median of 590 d to complete its development time, with a median of 31 blood meals. Almost half (46.5%) of the nymphs died during the cycle. The onset of feeding time exceeded 5 min in all nymphal instars (except on fourth-instar) and adults and feeding times exceeded 22 min in all instars, except on first-instar nymphs. No defecation was observed for 65.6% (n = 383) of the triatomines during a 30-min observation period. Based on the six parameters, the vectorial capacity of T. nitida should be considered as low. However, surveillance programs should include this species because the potential importance of T. nitida as a vector has been demonstrated in other countries.

scholarly journals A Binding Site for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin Is Lost during Larval Development in Two Forest Pests

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1553-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Rausell ◽  
Amparo Consuelo Martínez-Ramírez ◽  
Inmaculada García-Robles ◽  
María Dolores Real
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Thaumetopoea Pityocampa ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Nun Moth

ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity and receptor binding properties ofBacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins towards the forest pests Thaumetopoea pityocampa (processionary moth) andLymantria monacha (nun moth) were investigated. Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac were highly toxic (corresponding 50% lethal concentration values: 956, 895, and 379 pg/μl, respectively) to first-instar T. pityocampa larvae. During larval development, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxicity decreased with increasing age, although the loss of activity was more pronounced for Cry1Ab. Binding assays with 125I-labelled Cry1Ab and brush border membrane vesicles from T. pityocampa first- and last-instar larvae detected a remarkable decrease in the overall Cry1Ab binding affinity in last-instar larvae, although saturable Cry1Ab binding to both instars was observed. Homologous competition experiments demonstrated the loss of one of the two Cry1Ab high-affinity binding sites detected in first-instar larvae. Growth inhibition assays with sublethal doses of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac in L. monacha showed that all three toxins were able to delay molting from second instar to third instar. Specific saturable binding of Cry1Ab was detected only in first- and second-instar larvae. Cry1Ab binding was not detected in last-instar larvae, although specific binding of Cry1Aa and Cry1Ac was observed. These results demonstrate a loss of Cry1Ab binding sites during development on the midgut epithelium of T. pityocampa and L. monacha, correlating in T. pityocampa with a decrease in Cry1Ab toxicity with increasing age.

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